简介：Everylivingcell(细胞)containsgenes(基因),Theyaretoosmalltobeseeninamicroscope(显微镜),buttheyarevitallyimportant.Eachsetofgenesinthebodycontainsalltheinstructionsneededtomakehumanbeing.Somegenesdeterminehaircolor.Somedeterminetheshapeofanose.

简介：胰腺的癌症继续是有仍然高的死亡和差的幸存的致命的恶意。尽管有重要进展，很少进步在理解，诊断，和常规、新奇的治疗的存取在先进胰腺的癌症的治疗上被取得了。损害的分子的病理是我们位于这癌症的发展下面的机制的理解的钥匙并且将可能在更早的诊断和更好治疗学的结果帮助我们。新治疗策略和创新治疗的更小心的评估清楚地为这疾病被需要。鉴于许多调查结果，胰腺的癌症应该被认为是全身的疾病，并且在最后几年，调查者获得了导致恶意的发展的分子的生物学和事件的更好的理解。我们这里在在胰腺的癌症的为通常变异的基因的全身的探索考察新奇开发。

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简介：AbstractChoosing the appropriate antibiotics to treat bacterial infections has grown more challenging as a result of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Aminoglycosides, as broad-spectrum antibiotics, are increasingly being used clinically; however, for most effective employment of aminoglycosides, a comprehensive understanding of aminoglycoside resistance genes’ prevalence and dissemination is required. Therefore, to better understand the global resistance status of aminoglycoside antibiotics and the prevalence of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in various bacterial species, this systematic review gathered relevant data from multiple studies. Two primary resistance mechanisms—aminoglycoside enzymatic modification and 16S rRNA methylation—were assessed, and the prevalence of the corresponding ARGs was described. The coexistence of aminoglycoside ARGs with other ARGs was also demonstrated, as was the relationship between aminoglycoside ARGs and resistant phenotypes. The lack of effective therapeutic agents to combat resistant pathogens presents a real threat to public health. The combination of aminoglycosides with other antibiotics may provide a novel treatment strategy.

简介：ThegeneticcodonUGAhasadualfunction:servingasaterminatorandencodingselenocysteine.However,mostpopulargeneannotationprogramsonlytakeitasastopsignal,resultinginmisannotationorcompletelymissingselenoproteingenes.WedevelopedacomputationalmethodnamedAsec-Predictionthatisspecificforthepredictionofarchaealselenoproteingenes.Toevaluateitseffectiveness,wefirstapplieditto14archaealgenomeswithpreviouslyknownselenoproteingenes,andAsec-Predictionidentifiedallreportedselenoproteingeneswithoutredundantresults.Whenweapplieditto12archaealgenomesthathadnotbeenresearchedforselenoproteingenes,Asec-PredictiondetectedanovelselenoproteingeneinMethanosarcinaacetivorans.Furtherevidencewasalsocollectedtosupportthatthepredictedgeneshouldbearealselenoproteingene.TheresultshowsthatAsec-Predictioniseffectiveforthepredictionofarchaealselenoproteingenes.

简介：Objective:Toclone,sequenceandexpresstheprimateβ-chemokineRANTESgenes,hRANTESfromH.sapiensandmRANTESfromM.Mulatta,inordertoexplorethepossibilityofAIDSgenetherapy.Methods:hRANTESandmRANTESwereamplifiedbyreversetranscription-polymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)fromRNAsextractedfromphytoagglutinin(PHA)-activatedperipheralbloodlymphocytes,hRANTESwascloned,sequencedandexpressedinvitro,andmRANTESwasdirectlysequencedforhomologycomparison.Results:Anexpected276bpfragmentwasobtainedinbothamplifications,andsequencedatademonstratedarelativelyhighhomologyamongdifferentcopiesofhRANTES(97%),andhRANTESwasupto95.6%homologoustomRANTES.WhencomparedwithRANTESfromothermammals,hRANTESgaverisetoahomologyrangingfrom77%to86%.TheclonedhRANTESwasexpressedinvitroandapositivesignalofRANTESwasdetectedbydotblotting.Conclusion:Thefull-lengthofhRANTESsequencewassubmittedtoGenBankandhadbeenreleased.OurmRANTESsequenceisfirstreportedandnotyetappearedinGenBank.ThesuccessfulcloningandexpressionofhRANTESwillprovideabasisforAIDSgenetherapyinthefuture.

简介：ThediscoveryofthehomeoboxmotifanditspresenceineachgeneoftheHoxclustersrevolutionizedthefieldsofdevelopmentalbiologyandevolutionarydevelopmentalbiology(1,2),providingarapidentranceintoinvestigatingthemechanismsofdevelopmentofalmostanyanimaltaxonaswellasdramaticallyalteringconceptionsontheextentofgeneticconservationacrosstheanimalkingdom.

简介：抄写因素由基因玩的Antennapedia班homeobox把关键角色编码了为控制动物的开发，并且经常被发现在动物染色体聚类。Hox和ParaHox基因簇被认为是进化姐妹并且从通常认为的普通祖先的基因建筑群演变，ProtoHox簇，在Cnidaria和Bilateria(双边地对称的动物)的分叉以前。Deuterostomia是属于Bilateria，和一个姐妹组到Protostomia的动物的一个monophyletic组。deuterostomes包括脊椎动物(到哪个我们合适)，无脊椎的脊索动物，hemichordates，棘皮动物类的动物并且可能xenoturbellids，以及acoelomorphs。Hox和ParaHox基因的研究提供卓见进起源和bilaterian动物的随后的进化。最近，在Hox和ParaHox基因之中，在染色体，表达式模式，和函数上的组织有重要变化，变得明显。在这评论，集中于无脊椎的deuterostomes，我首先关于Hox和ParaHox基因总结最近的调查结果。下次，引用未解决的问题，我试着提供可能允许我们重建的线索deuterostomes的普通祖先，以及在deuterostomes的发展和进化理解Hox和ParaHox基因的角色。

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简介：Haircellsinthemammalianinnerearareveryfragileandareofteninjuredasaresultofacoustictraumaorexposuretoototoxicdrugs(cisplatin,aminoglycosides,etc)[1].Inamphibiansandbirds,spontaneous

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简介：AbstractBackground:Brain arteriovenous malformations (BAVMs) are abnormal vessels that are apt to rupture, causing life-threatening intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The estimated prevalence of BAVMs is 0.05% among otherwise healthy individuals. In this study, we aim to investigate the mutational spectrum of syndromic genes in sporadic BAVM.Methods:We recruited a cohort of 150 patients with BAVM and performed whole-exome sequencing on their peripheral blood DNA. To explore the mutational spectrum of syndromic genes in sporadic brain arteriovenous malformation, we selected six genes according to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) and literature. All variants in the six candidate genes were extracted and underwent filtering for qualifying variants.Results:There are a total of four patients with rare variants in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-related genes. In addition, we identified two patients have the variant of RASA1 gene in our database, which are also rare mutations that are absent from population databases. However, we did not find any patients with GNAQ mutations in our database.Conclusions:In conclusion, we demonstrated that variants in syndromic vascular malformations play important roles in the etiology of sporadic BAVM.

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简介：Themammalianliverhasaverystrongregenerationcapacityafterpartialhepatectomy(PH).Tofurtherlearnthegenesparticipatingintheliverregeneration(LR),551cDNAsselectedfromsubtractedcDNAlibrariesoftheregeneratingratliverwerescreenedbymicroarray,andtheirexpressionprofileswerestudiedbyclusterandgeneralizationanalyses.Amongthem,177geneswereidentifiedunreportedandup-ordown-regulatedmorethantwofoldatoneormoretimepointsafterPH,ofwhich62genesweredown-regulatedtolessthan0.5;99geneswereup-regulatedto2-10folds,and16geneswereeitherup-ordown-regulatedatdifferenttimepointsduringLR.ByusingBLASTandGENSCAN,thesegeneswerelocatedonresponsiblechromosomeswith131genesonthelongarmsofthechromosomes.Theclusterandgeneralizationanalysesshowedthatthegeneexpressionprofilesaresimilarin2and4,12and16,96and144hrespectivelyafterPH,suggestingthattheactionsofthegenesexpressedinthesameprofilesaresimilar,andthoseexpressedindifferentprofileshavelesssimilarity.However,thetypes,characteristicsandfunctionsofthe177genesremaintobefurtherstudied.

简介：ToinvestigatetheexpressionlevelsofthreeDsbproteingenes,dsbB,dsbDanddsbG,atdifferenttimepointspostC.trachomatisinfection,mousefibroblast12cellswerechosentobeinfectedwithC.trachomatisserovarFstrainF/IC-Cal-13.C.trachomatiselementarybody(EB)-infected12cellswereharvestedimmediatelyafterEBattachmentontothecellsandevery4hourspostinfection(hpi)till44hpifortotalRNApreparation.RT-PCRassayswerethenemployedtoamplifycDNAwithprimerpairswhicharespecifictoC.trachomatisdsbgenesdsbB,dsbD,dsbGandtufArespectively.Therela-tiveexpressionlevelsofDsbproteingeneswereevaluatedascDNAratiosofgenedsbtogenetufA.OurresultsshowedthatthetranscriptionofdsbGstartedfrom12hpiandgraduallyincreasedtill44hpi.ThetranscriptionofdsbBanddsbDweredetectedat16hpiandreachedtheirpeaksat28hpiand24-28hpi,respectively.Moreover,therewasobvioustranscriptionofdsbBatthelaterstage(44hpi),butnonefordsbDatthistimepoint.WecametotheconclusionthattheexpressionlevelsofthethreeDsbproteingenesaredifferentduringthedevelopmentalcycleofC.trachomatist.Theymayplayaroleinmid-to-latestageofthedevelopmentalcycleofC.trachomatis.

简介：TofindSchistosomajaponicum(S.j)newantigengenethusprovidemoreusefulvaccinecandidates,thecDNAlibraryofS.jadultwormwasscreenedwithseraofrabbitsimmtmizedwiththemembraneantigensofSchistosomajaponicumhepato-portalschistosomula(SjHmAg).ThepositivecloneswereamplifiedbyPCRandsequenced,thenthesequencesofcloneswerecomparedwithallsequencesinGenBankdatabaseusingBlastprocess.ThenewclonesweresubmittedtoGenBankforaccessionnumbers.Fifteenpositivecloneswereobtainedafterthreeroundsofimmunoscreening.ThesizeofS.jcDNAfragmentsinpositiveclonesrangedfrom0.7kb-3.0kbafterautomaticallyexcisedwiththehelperphage.SequenceanalysisrevealedthatpartialsequenceofcloneM5hadsignificanthomologywithS.jmitochondriarnRNA,theotherpositivecloneswerenewS.jgenes.M2clonesequence(GenBankaccessionnumberAF502579)was730bplongithada117bpopenreadingframe(ORF).ThesequenceofM15(GenBankaccessionnumberAF502582)hasnotransmembraneregionandencodes92aminoacids,anditsproteincontainsaferredoxinsiron-sulfurbindingregionsignatureandtwoVWFCsignalregions.ThesizeofM1,M8,M9,M12(GenBankaccessionnumbers:AF502578,AF502580,AF500622,AF502581)rangesfrom402bpto766bp.ItconcludedthattheserafromrabbitimmunizedwithSjHmAgcouldrecognizeS.jspecificantigensmolecules,andtheseantigensmayinducetheprotectiveimmunityagainstS.jinfection.

简介：Hirschsprungs疾病是现场发生在1:5000的先天的混乱出生。它被伤寒神经原的缺席沿着胃肠的道的一个可变区域描述。Hirschsprungs疾病作为multigenic混乱被分类，因为一样的显型在多重不同基因与变化被联系。而且，Hirschsprungs疾病的遗传高度复杂、不严格地孟德尔。在Hirschsprungs疾病观察的phenotypic可变性和不完全的外显率也建议修饰词基因的参与。这里，我们总结基于人和动物研究位于Hirschsprungs疾病下面的遗传的当前的知识，集中于修饰词基因的主要原因的基因，他们的相互作用，和角色。

简介：Phytohormoneabscisicacid(ABA)wascriticalformanyplantgrowthanddevelopmentalprocessesincludingseedmaturation,germinationandresponsetoenvironmentalfactors.WiththepurposetodetectthepossibleABArelatedsignaltransductionpathways,wetriedtoisolateABA-regulatedgenesthroughcDNAmacroarraytechnologyusingABA-treatedriceseedlingasmaterials(undertreatmentfor2,4,8and12h).Of6144cDNAclonestested,37differentialclonesshowinginductionorsuppressionforatleastonetime,wereisolated.Ofthem30and7wereup-ordown-regulatedrespectively.Sequenceanalysesrevealedthattheputativeencodedproteinswereinvolvedindifferentpossibleprocesses,includingtranscription,metabolismandresistance,photosynthesis,signaltransduction,andseedmaturation.6cDNAcloneswerefoundtoencodeproteinswithunknownfunctions.RegulationbyABAof7selectedclonesrelatingtosignaltransductionormetabolismwasconfirmedbyreversetranscriptionPCR.Inaddition,somecloneswerefurthershowntoberegulatedbyotherplantgrowthregulatorsincludingauxinandbrassinosteroid,which,however,indicatedthecomplicatedinteractionsofplanthormones.PossiblesignaltransductionpathwaysinvolvedinABAwerediscussed.

简介：Phospholipidsareamajorkindoflipidsinricegrainsandhavefundamentalnutritionalandfunctionalbenefitstotheplant.Theirlysoforms(lysophospholipids,LPLs)oftenforminclusioncomplexeswithamyloseorindependentlyinfluencethephysicochemicalandfunctionalpropertiesofricestarch.However,thegeneticbasisforLPLsynthesisinriceendospermislargelyunknown.Here,weperformedapreliminaryassociationtestof13LPLcompositionsamong20riceaccessions,andidentified22putativemain-effectquantitativetraitlociresponsibleforallLPLsexceptforLPC14:0andLPE14:0.Fivederivedcleavedamplifiedpolymorphicsequencesandoneinsertion/deletionmarkerforthreeLPL-synthesis-relatedcandidategenesweredeveloped.AssociationanalysisrevealedtwomarkerssignificantlyassociatedwithstarchLPLtraits.Theseresultsprovideaninsightintothegeneticbasisofphospholipidbiosynthesisinriceandmaycontributetothericequalitybreedingprogramsusingfunctionalmarkers.

简介：SequencevariationofpartialcytochromebgenesbetweentwoCoiliaspecies,C.ectenesandC.mystus,wasinvestigated.Ofthe402nucleotides,twenty-seven(6.72%)arepolymorphicandallaresynonymoussubstitutions.Atthethirdpositionsofgeneticcondonofcytochromebgene,thetwospeciesshowanextremeanti-Gbias(＜4%)andapronouncedbiastowardsAandC(＞68%).Thereisnoaminoacidsequencedivergencebetweenthepartialcytochromebgenesofthetwospecies,indicatingaclosegeneticrelationshipbetweenthem.Thek-2pgeneticdistanceofpartialcytochromebsegmentofthetwospeciesis0.072,suggestingthatthespecieswereseparated3.6Maago,inthemiddlePliocene.Ourresultrevealsthatthecytochromebgeneisanappropriatemarkerforstudiesofpopulationgeneticstructuresandphylogeographicpatternsofthetwospecies.