简介:■ItiscommoninShanghaitoseeimpressiveworksofartfromChineseartists.Whatisnotsocommonhowever,isthechancetoseetopqualityworksfromaninternationalfield.MoCA'sArtinAmerica:Nowexhibitiongoessomeway
简介:FollowingthevisittoafewprisonsinShanghai,wegottheinitialknowledgeabouthowtheprisonsaremanagedbylawandhowtherightsandinterestsofinmatesaresafeguardedandallthegratifyingachievementstheprisonshavemadeineducatingandcorrectingtheinmates.InShanghai,China’seconomicpowerhouse,alltheprisons,oldandnew,shouldbemostadvancedinthecountry,intermsofbothsoftwareandhardware.Doubtlessly,thematerialbasehas
简介:英语中的现在进行时通常有两种用法:一是表示说话时正在进行的动作;二是表示现阶段正在进行的动作(但在说话时动作未必正在进行)。现在进行时在多数情况下是通过时间状语now来判断的。如:Theyareworkingnearthehousenow.他们现在正在房子附近劳动。但是,在实际运用中有些情况则省略now或不用now。同学们学习时应注意以下几种情况:一、由'祈使句+简单句'表达。(句中now一般省略)如:
简介:Theperitonealstromaltissuewhichprovidesarichsourceofgrowthfactorsandchemokinesisafavorableenvironmentfortumorproliferation.Thepathophysiologicalmechanismofperitonealcarcinomatosisisanindividualsequenceconsistingofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsandremainscontroversial.Thenaturalhistoryofthediseaserevealsapoormedianprognosisofapproximately6mo;howeveraggressivesurgeryandmultimodaltreatmentoptionscanimproveoncologicoutcomes.Consideringperitonealcarcinomatosisasthoughitisalocoregionaldiseasebutnotametastaticprocess,cytoreductivesurgeryandandintraperitonealchemotherapyhasbeenacurativeoptionduringrecentyears.Cytoreductivesurgeryimpliesaseriesofvisceralresectionsandperitonectomyprocedures.Althoughtheaimofcytoreductivesurgeryistoeliminateallmacroscopicdisease,viabletumorcellsmayremainintheperitonealcavity.Atthatpoint,intraperitonealchemotherapycanextendthemacroscopicdiseaseeliminationtomicroscopicdiseaseelimination.Thesuccessfultreatmentofperitonealcarcinomatosisrequiresacomprehensivemanagementplanincludingproperpatientselection,completeresectionofallvisibledisease,perioperativeintraperitonealchemotherapyandpostoperativesystemicchemotherapy.Surgicalandoncologicoutcomesarestrictlyassociatedwithextentofthetumor,completenessofcytoreductionandpatientrelatedfactorsaswellasmultidisciplinarymanagementandexperienceofthesurgicalteam.Inthisreview,pathophysiologyandcurrentmanagementofperitonealcarcinomatosisoriginatingfromgastrointestinaltumorsarediscussedaccordingtothelatestliterature.
简介:AbstractNeurosurgical procedures cause inevitable brain damage from the multitude of surgical manipulations utilized. Incisions, retraction, thermal damage from electrocautery, and intraoperative hemorrhage cause immediate and long-term brain injuries that are directly linked to neurosurgical operations, and these types of injuries, collectively, have been termed surgical brain injury (SBI). For the past decade, a model developed to study the underlying brain pathologies resulting from SBI has provided insight on cellular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. This model, as seen in a rat, mouse, and rabbit, mimics a neurosurgical operation and causes commonly encountered post-operative complications such as brain edema, neuroinflammation, and hemorrhage. In this review, we elaborate on SBI and its clinical impact, the SBI animal models and their clinical relevance, the importance of applying therapeutics before neurosurgical procedures (i.e., preconditioning), and the new direction of applying venom-derived proteins to attenuate SBI.