简介：AbstractDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important cause of blindness globally, and its prevalence is increasing. Early detection and intervention can help change the outcomes of the disease. The rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years has led to new possibilities for the screening and diagnosis of DR. An AI-based diagnostic system for the detection of DR has significant advantages, such as high efficiency, high accuracy, and lower demand for human resources. At the same time, there are shortcomings, such as the lack of standards for development and evaluation and the limited scope of application. This article demonstrates the current applications of AI in the field of DR, existing problems, and possible future development directions.

简介：DearEditor,Wewouldliketopresenttheimportanceofmultimodalimaginginphoticretinopathyinacaseofphoticretinopathy.Ayoungmanpresentedwithaone-dayhistoryofleftcentralscotomaandmetamorphopsiaafterexposuretoahandheldlaserpointerbeamduringanightparty.ThelaserpointerwasaclassIIIBgreenlaserwithawavelengthof532±10nmandmaximalpower<1000mW.However.

简介：AIM:Toidentifytheprevalenceofretinopathyofprematurity(ROP)amongpretermneonatesadmittedtoDepartmentofNeonatology,RIPAShospital,BruneiDarussalam.·METHODS:Westudied67preterminfantsfulfillingtheeligibilitycriteriaforROPscreening.AllinfantsstudiedwereadmittedtotheDepartmentofNeonatology,RIPASHospital,withinaperiodofoneyear.Birthweight(BW),gestationalage(GA),correctedageateachreview,initialandfinaldiagnosesandnumberofreviewsrequiredwasrecordedforeachinfant.Infantswerefolloweduptwoweeklyuntiltheyreachacorrectedageof40weeksorcompletevascularizationwasnoted.PrevalenceofROPwasidentified.Descriptiveanalysis,regressionanalysisandindependent-samplet-testwereusedtostatisticallycheckfordifferencesbetweenROPandnon-ROPgroups.·RESULTS:Atotalnumberof201ROPscreeningswerecarriedoutfor67preterminfants.Malesoutnumberedfemales(56.7%).Themeannumberofreviewsperchildwas(3.19±1.1)times(range:1-6times),themeanGAamongthepretermbabiesexaminedwas(29.5±2.6)weeks(range:23-36weeks),andthemeanBWwas1300±500g(range:660-3600g).TheprevalenceofROPamongtheexaminedinfantswas34.8%.Prevalenceofthresholddiseasethatrequiredlasertreatmentwas25.4%.PrevalenceofROPamongthosewithextremelylowBWwas86.7%comparedto27.8%inthosewithverylowBW.RespiratorydistressandcongenitalheartdiseasesweresignificantlyassociatedwithhigherincidenceofROP.·CONCLUSION:LowerBW,lowerGAandfemalegenderareassociatedwithhigherriskofdevelopingROPamongpreterminfantsinBruneiDarussalam.

简介：AIM:Toestimatethepotentialsystemiceventsduringandafterretinopathyofprematurity（ROP）screening.METHODS:Aprospectiveanddescriptivedesignedstudywasconductedtodetectthephysiologicandpathologicalchanges24hbefore,during,and72hafterROPscreening.Controlbloodpressure（BP）,saturation,pulserate,andbodytemperaturewereroutinelytakenatvarioustimeinternalsbeforeandafterscreening.Adverseeffectspertaintocardiovascularsystem,respiratorysystem,gastricsystem,urinarysystemandnervoussystemwereretrospect0-72hafterROPscreeningata24-hourinterval.RESULTS:Totally1254prematuritybabiesreceivingROPscreeningduringJan.1st2013toDec.31th2013wereenrolledinoursurvey.Comparedtocontrolvitalsigndatatakenbeforetheexamination,therewasafluctuationinthediastolicBPwiththeincreased3.03mmHg（P=0.04）after3dosesofmydriaticdrops.Immediatelyaftertheexamination,therewasafurther12.64mmHg（P<0.01）increaseinsystolicBPanda7.24mmHg（P<0.01）indiastolicBP.Themeanpulserateduringexaminationwas22.4bpm（P<0.01）higherthanthe133.3±9.0bpmcontrollevel.Theoxygensaturationsharedanaveragedropof5%（P<0.01）duringscreening.Inprematuritywithpostconceptionalagelessthan31wk,theincidenceofapnea（23.5%）,necrotizingenterocolitis（NEC）（8.7%）,gastricresidual（25.4%）andupperdigestivetracthemorrhage（6.4%）alsodemonstratedasignificantrise（P<0.01）.CONCLUSION:Inourstudysample,ROPscreeningwasassociatedwithNEC,gastricresidualandupperdigestivetracthemorrhage.Thesegastrointestinalsideeffects,alongwithbreathactivitypatternchangeandvitalsignsindicatorsfluctuation,mayberesultsofadditionalstressresponses.

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简介：AIM:Toexaminetheintegrityoftheocularsurfacesofsubjectswithandwithoutdiabeteswithnoconjunctivalanddryeyesignsandsymptomsandcompareconjunctivalimpressioncytologyfindingsindiabeticswithnon-proliferativeandproliferativediabeticretinopathy.METHODS:Conjunctivalimpressioncytologywasperformedon43eyesof43subjectswithnonproliferativediabeticretinopathy(NPDR),42eyesof42subjectswithproliferativediabeticretinopathy(PDR),and30eyesof30controlsubjects.Impressioncytologyspecimensofeachgroupweregradedandscoredintherange0-3accordingtoNelson’smethod.RESULTS:Therewere45(52.9%)womenand40(47.1%)men.Themeanageofthepatientswas59.6±9.3y(range,43-76y)inNPDRgroupand58.0±8.8y(range,41-85y)inPDRgroup.CaseswithNPDRandPDRshowedstatisticallysignificanthigherimpressioncytologyscoresthancontrolgroup(P<0.05).TherewasnodifferencebetweentheNPDRandPDRpatientsforimpressioncytologygradingscores.CONCLUSION:ItisdeterminedthatimpressioncytologygradesarealteredinpatientswithNPDRandPDR.Consequently,wesuggestthattheremightbeanassociationbetweentheimpressioncytologygradingscoresandtheseverityofdiabeticretinopathy

简介：<正>DearSir,IamProf.BeuyJoobfromSanitation1MedicalAcademicCenter,Bangkok,Thailand.Iwritetodiscusstherecentpublicationonproteomicanalysisindiabeticretinopathy(DR).Liuetal[1]concludedthattheirapproachbytwodimensionalfluorescencedifferencegelelectrophoresis(2D-DIGE)combinedwithmatrix-assistedlaser

简介：AIM:Toestimateoverallprevalenceofretinopathyofprematurity(ROP)inIranusingasystematicreviewandMeta-analysis.METHODS:AsystematicreviewandMeta-analysiswasperformedofallpublishedstudiespertainingtoprevalenceofROPusinginternationalandnationalelectronicdatabases(ISIWebofSciences,PubMed,Scopus,GoogleScholar,SID,MagIran,andIranMedex)fromtheirinceptionuntilMay2016withstandardkeywords.BeggandEggertestswereusedtoexaminethepublicationbiasandCochrantestandI~2statisticswereusedtoevaluatethestatisticalheterogeneity.PooledestimateoftheprevalenceofROPwerecalculatedusingrandomeffectsMetaanalysis.RESULTS:ThepublicationbiasassumptionwasrejectedbyEggertestswithP-valueequalto0.024.TheresultsofCochrantestandI~2statisticsrevealedsubstantialheterogeneity(Q=1099.02,df=25,I~2=97.7%,P=0.001).TheoverallprevalenceofROPusingtherandomeffectmodelinIranwas26.1%(95%CI:20.3%-31.8%).CONCLUSION:TheprevalenceofROPisrelativelyhighinIran.Lowbirthweightandgestationalagearesignificantriskfactorsforthedisease.Improvedcare,includingoxygendeliveryandmonitoring,forpretermbabiesinallfacilitysettingswouldreducethenumberofbabiesaffectedwithROP.

简介：AIMTo在划分的类型2糖尿病的patients.METHODSWe估计在choroidal厚度(CT)和糖尿病的retinopathy(医生)的早阶段之间的关联83个糖尿病的病人(51-80岁；50女性)进非糖尿病的retinopathy，组(NDR)和温和/中等的nonproliferative糖尿病患者retinopathy(NPDR)组织，并且把他们与26个非糖尿病的控制题目作比较(51-78岁；16女性)。Subfovealchoroidal厚度(SFCT)和parafovealchoroidal厚度(PFCT)用提高的深度成像被测量光谱域的光连贯断层摄影术(EDI10月)。眼睛的健康地位，疾病持续时间，身体团索引，和血红素A1c(HbA1c)是NDR，NPDR，和控制组的recorded.RESULTSThe平均数年龄68.0是戠牥晥?景吗？

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简介：AIMTo为Snellen和早治疗糖尿病的Retinopathy学习(ETDRS)图表比较精确性，重制度和测试持续时间，二个主要工具过去常测量视觉尖酸(VA).METHODSA计算机模拟被规划运用多重虚拟病人，有分配参数的一个唯一的集合的各个，包括VA，假积极、假否定的错误珍视。为各个，虚拟耐心的、分配VA随机沿着跨越在1.0～0.0个logMAR单位(到到20/20的20/200的等价物)之间的范围的连续规模被选择。每30000个虚拟病人在每二VAcharts.RESULTSAverage测试持续时间上被运用十次(表示了为在测试±期间介绍的人物的全部的数字；SD)是12.6±；11.1和31.2±；14.7个人物为Snellen和ETDRS，分别地。精确性，定义为绝对差别(±；SD)在分配VA和测量VA之间，在logMAR表示了单位，在ETDRS图表是优异的：0.12±；0.14和0.08±；0.08为Snellen和ETDRS图表，分别地。重制度，表示了可变性为测试网，在ETDRS图表是优异的：0.23±；0.17和0.11±；0.09个logMAR单位为Snellen和ETDRS图表，respectively.CONCLUSIONA比较真(分配)VA到测量VA，平均，更好证明ETDRS的精确性和重制度制图，但是在显著地更长的测试持续时间的惩罚。这些差别最在低VA范围被读。用一条模拟途径的重制度与在几临床的研究发现的重制度价值一致。

简介：AIM:Todescribetheinvolutionpatternsofvesselgrowthofretinathroughfluoresceinangiography(FA)ofchildren,whohadbeenundertreatmentupto1ypreviouslyintravitrealranibizumab(IVR)asmonotherapyforretinopathyofprematurity(ROP).METHODS:Thisisaretrospectivestudy.ThemedicalinformationandFAof17children(34eyes)whoseareaofavascularretinafromtheoraserratawasmorethantwodiscdiameters(DD)wereanalyzed.RESULTS:Among34eyes,allwerethepresenceoffinger-shapedvesselsandarteriolar-venularshunts(100%,34/34eyes).Popcornabnormalitieswerefoundinmostoftheeyes(94.1%,32/34eyes).Furthermore,inmanycases(23.5%,8/34eyes),therewereleakagepersistingintheregionofthejunctionbetweenavascularandvascularretina.Incontrast,just2eyes(5.9%)showeddamageofretinalcapillarybedand3eyes(8.8%)showedlargeareaofretinalpigmentepithelium(RPE)atrophy.CONCLUSION:AlthoughIVRcanbeveryeffectiveinROP,weshouldremaincautiousasinfantsmayremainavascularperipheralretinasandabnormalvessel.FAallowsaccuratevisualizationofvesselabnormalitiesineyeswithROP,whichwillbehelpfultoaffectassessmentofdiseaseactivityandtherapeuticeffect.

简介：AIM:Toinvestigatetheprevalenceandriskfactorsofdiabeticretinopathy(DR)innorthernChinesepatientswithtype2diabetesmellitus(T2DM).METHODS:Thisretrospectivecross-sectionalstudywasperformedbetweenMay2011andApril2012.Atotalof1100patients(male/female,483/617)wereincludedinthisstudy.DRwasdefinedfollowingtheEarlyTreatmentDiabeticRetinopathyStudy(ETDRS)severityscale.Allincludedpatientsacceptedacomprehensiveophthalmicexaminationincludingretinalphotographs.Logisticregressionmodelswereusedtoestimateoddsratios(ORs)and95%confidenceinterval(CI)afteradjustingforageandgender.RESULTS:Retinopathywaspresentin307patientswithaprevalenceof27.9%.Inunivariatelogisticanalysis,presenceofDRwasassociatedwithlongerdurationofdiabetes(OR,5.70;95%CI,2.91-12.56),higherconcentrationoffastingbloodglucose(OR,12.94;95%CI,2.40-67.71),higherlevelofglycosylatedhemoglobinHbA1c(OR,5.50;95%CI,3.78-11.97)andinsulintreatment(OR,6.99;95%CI,1.39-35.12).ThelifestyleofpatientswithT2DMincludingsmoking,alcoholconsumptionandregularexerciseseemednotassociatedwiththedevelopmentofDR.CONCLUSION:Ourstudysuggeststhatfastingserumglucoseconcentration,HbA1clevel,durationofdiabetesandinsulintreatmentarepotentialriskfactorsforDRinnorthernChinesepatientswithT2DM,whilethelifestyleofincludedpatientsseemsnotassociatedwithDR.

简介：AIM:Toestablishtheratmodelofstreptozotocin(STZ)induceddiabeticretinopathy(DR),whichisthemostcommoncauseofvisuallossandblindnessinpatientswithdiabetes,andobservethegeneexpressionofvascularendothelialgrowthfactor(VEGF)anditsreceptorsduringthedevelopmentofDR.METHODS:AratmodelofdiabeteswasestablishedbyintraperitonealinjectionofSTZ.Thediabeticratswerehousedfor2,3and4monthsafterthedevelopmentofdiabetes.Retinalhistopathologicalobservationwasperformed.TheretinalvesselswereobservedbyimmunofluorescencestainingbyCD31.ThemRNAexpressionofVEGF,VEGFreceptor1and2(VEGFR1/2)inratretinawasdetectedbyreversetranscriptionpolymerasechainreaction(RT-PCR)analysis.RESULTS:Retinalhistopathologicalobservationshowedthemorphologicalchangesofinnernuclearlayer(INL)andouternuclearlayer(ONL)atanytime-point,andalsodemonstratedtheincreasednewvesselsatboth3,4monthsafterthedevelopmentofdiabetes.TheCD31stainingresultsshowedthatthenumberofvesselswasincreasedintheretinasofdiabeticratsatboth3and4monthsafterthedevelopmentofdiabetes.Ascomparedtothenormalrats,themRNAexpressionofVEGFwasincreasedinretinasofdiabeticratsat3monthsafterthedevelopmentofdiabetes,whileVEGFR1andVEGFR2mRNAexpressionwasincreasedat2,3and4monthsafterthedevelopmentofdiabetes.CONCLUSION:Takentogether,ourresultsdemonstratedthatDRwasoccurredat3monthsafterthedevelopmentofdiabetes,andthemRNAexpressionofVEGF,VEGFR1andVEGFR2wereincreasedintheprocessofDR.ThepresentstudyfurtherevidencedtheinvolvementofVEGFanditsreceptorsintheprocessofDR.

简介：AIMTo与类型2糖尿病mellitus(T2DM)在中国病人的一个队调查在C反应的蛋白质(CRP)和糖尿病的retinopathy(医生)之间的关系基于.METHODSCommunity的观察的队学习。有1131个参加者，在城市的北京在Desheng社区从2009年11月招募到2011年9月。病人们诊断了T2DM被招募并且经历由一张问询表，眼睛、人体测量的检查和实验室调查组成的标准化评估。医生的存在和严厉由七个领域被估计30°；渲染宫底相片。题目然后没有医生，任何医生，或威胁视觉的克尔普博士被分类进组与T2DM从1007个病人全部的学习subjects.RESULTSA的浆液被分析为分析被包括，包括408(40.5%)男人并且599(59.5%)女人。中部的CRP水平为男人是为女人和1.1mg/L的1.5mg/L(P=0.004，或0.37，95%CI0.18-0.74)。在为可能的covariates调整以后，CRP的高水平与任何医生的更低的流行被联系(P=0.02，或0.55，95%CI0.35-0.89)，然而并非与威胁视觉的医生联系了(P=0.62，或0.78，95%CI0.28-2.14)。在由性的层化以后，在CRP和医生之间的反的协会被发现在男人统计上重要(P=0.006，或0.35，95%CI0.16-0.73)，然而并非在女人(P=0.58，或0.88，95%CI0.29-1.16)与T2DM从一张中国人口拉的.CONCLUSIONThe数据建议那增加的CRP层次可以相反地与医生的开发被联系。

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