简介：Inthispaper,theentropyofrandomexperimentswithresultsoffuzzyeventsandthemutualinformationbetweentwoexperimentsofsuchkindaredefined,therefore,theShannonentropyandinformationareextendedtothefuzzysituations.Theprincipalpropertiesofentropyandinformationoffuzzyeventsarediscussed.Amongotherthings,wefindthattheentropyofarandomexperimentwithfuzzyoutcomesisthesumofrandomentropyandfuzzyentropy.TheconnectionbetweenShannonentropyandDeLucaEntropyisestablished.

简介：Complexurbansceneryisgenerallycomposedofgiganticamountofdetailedbuildings,efficientrepresentationandrenderingareessentialforitsvisualization.Wepresentanacceleratingmethodforurbanvisualization.Ourapproachcanoptimizetheorganizationofmodelsinaccordancewiththequadtreebasedterrain,whichmakestheparallelizationeasier.Throughminimizingthedrawcallwithinonerenderingprocess,ourapproachcanreducethetimecostofeachframeandimprovetheframerategreatly.Hereby,oursystemcanhandlelarge-scaledetailedmodelswithhighdiversityandalsocanaffordtheabilitytoadjusttherenderingstrategyautomaticallyaccordingtothestateofthehardware.

简介：有在170，180和190的温度从0.1wt%到1.0wt%的低过氧化物集中的高密度聚乙烯的Crosslinking反应

简介：Calciumhexaluminateisonefromsuchperspectivematerials.Itischaracterizedbyhighrefractoriness(above1830℃),aswellaspropertiesstabilityinreducingatmosphere,highalkali-andslag-resistance,lowthermalconductivityandwettabilitybymoltenmetals.Inthisworkinfluenceresearchesoffusedcalciumhexaluminatematerialadditiveinamountof5%,15%and25%onthemainpropertiesofaluminarefractorieswerecarriedout.Itisestablishedthat,therefractoriescontainingtheadditiveof25%calciumhexaluminatematerialarecharacterizedbythehighestproperties,slightlyimpregnatedwithmetalmeltandthehighestmetalcorrosionresistance.ThealuminapurgingplugsforblowingofmetalwithcalciumhexaluminatematerialadditiveareproducedandintendedtoonemetallurgicalplantofUkraineforcarryingouttests.

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简介：InordertoimproveandstabilizethemagneticpropertiesofnanocompositeNd2Fe14B/α-Femagneticalloysbyacompositionaladjustment,smallamountofDyand/orCowasaddedtoNd9Fe84B7alloys.DTAanalysisontheamorphousofthealloystookplaceasthesoftmagneticphaseswerecrystallized,andthenthehardmagneticNd2Fe14Bwasprecipitatedfromthem.Whileα-Feandametastable1:7(TbCu7-type)phasewereformedsimultaneouslyinDyandCo-freealloys,theywerecrystallizedseparatelyatdifferenttemperaturesafterDyorCowasadded.ThisphaseseparationoccurredmoreclearlyintheDy-treatedalloysandtheothersoftmagneticphaseFe3BwasalsostabilizedbyDyand/orCo.The1:7phasethatwasstabilizedbyDyand/orCowasnoteliminatedat700℃,decreasingmagneticpropertiesofthealloys.Itwaseventuallydisappearedabove725℃,butFe3Bwasnoteliminatedevenat750℃whenDywasaddedmorethan0.5at%orCowasaddedmorethan2.0at%.AmountofNd2Fe14BinthealloystendedtoincreaseasDyadditionincreased,whereasCoadditiondidnotleadtoanyappreciablechangeintheratioofα-FeandNd2Fe14B.Moreover,DyadditionapparentlyincreasedcoercivityofanalloywhileCoadditionhadabeneficialeffectonremanence.ThegrainsintheDytreatedalloyswereusuallyfinerthanthoseintheCo-treatedalloys.Thegrainsizeofbothα-FeandNd2Fe14Binthealloysexhibitingmr≥0.72wasintherangeof20～40nmorevenlarger50nm,whichislargerthanthetheoreticaloptimumsize(～10nm).TypicalmagneticpropertiesobtainedfromaNd7.5Dy1.5Fe82.5Co1.5B7alloyannealedfor12minat725℃wereiHc=4.85kOe,Br=11.32kG,(BH)max=15.73MGOe,andmr=0.73.

简介：Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3(BCTZ)lead-freepiezoelectricceramicsco-dopedwithCeO2(x=0.1wt.%,0.2wt.%,0.3wt.%,0.4wt.%,0.5wt.%)andLi2CO3(0.6wt.%)werepreparedbyconventionalsolid-statereactionmethod.InfluenceofCeO2dopingamountonthepiezoelectricproperties,dielectricproperties,phasecompositionandmicrostructureofpreparedBCTZlead-freepiezoelectricceramicsdopedwithLi2CO3wereinvestigatedbyX-raydiffraction(XRD)andscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andotheranalyticalmethods.TheresultsshowedthatthesinteredtemperatureofBCTZlead-freepiezoelectricceramicsdopedwithCeO2decreasedgreatlywhenLi2CO3dopingamountwas0.6wt.%;apureperovskitestructureofBCTZlead-freepiezoelectricceramicsco-dopedwithLi2CO3andCeO2andsinteredat1050°Ccouldalsobeobtained.Thepiezoelectricconstant(d33),therelativepermittivity(εr)andtheplanarelectromechanicalcouplingfactor(kp)ofBCTZceramicsdopedwithLi2CO3increasedfirstlyandthendecreased,thedielectricloss(tanδ)decreasedfirstlyandthenincreasedanddecreasedatlastwhenCeO2dopingamountincreased.TheinfluenceofCeO2dopingonthepropertiesofBCTZlead-freepiezoelectricceramicsdopedwithLi2CO3werecausedby'softeffect'and'hardeffect'piezoelectricadditiveandcausinglatticedistortion.WhenCeO2dopingamount(x)was0.2wt.%,theBCTZceramicsdopedwithLi2CO3(0.6wt.%)andsinteredat1050°Cpossessedthebestpiezoelectricpropertyanddielectricpropertywithd33of436pC/N,kpof48.3%,εrof3650,tanδof1.5%.

简介：

简介：Background:Aftertheirdeath,Scotspinetreescanremainstandingfordecadesandsometimesupto200years,forminglong-lastingandecologicallyimportantstructuresinborealforestlandscapes.Standingdeadpinesdecayveryslowlyandwithtimedevelopinto‘kelo'trees,whicharecharacterizedbyhardwoodwithsilvery-coloredappearance.Thesekelotreesrepresentanecologicallyimportant,longlastingandvisuallystrikingelementofthestructureofnaturalpine-dominatedforestsinborealFennoscandiathatisnowadaysvirtuallyabsentfrommanagedforestlandscapes.Methods:Weexaminedandmappedtheamount,structuralfeatures,sitecharacteristicsandspatialdistributionofdeadstandingpinetreesoveratenhectareareainanunmanagedborealforestlandscapeintheKalevalaNationalParkinRussianVienaKarelia.Results:Themeanbasalareaofdeadstandingpinetreesintheforestedpartofthelandscapewas1.7m~2?ha~(-1)andtheestimatedvolume12.7m~3?ha~(-1).Fromthetotalnumberofstandingdeadpinetrees65%werekelotrees,withabasalareaof1.1m~2?ha~(-1)andvolumeof8.0m~3?ha~(-1),theremainderconsistingofstandingdeadpinesalongthecontinuumbetweenarecentlydeadtreeandakelotree.Overall,standingdeadpinesweredistributedthroughoutthestudyarea,buttherewasatendencytowardsspatialclusteringupto<100mdistances.Standingdeadpinesweremostcommonlysituatedonflatgroundorinthemidslopeinthelocaltopography.Inaddition,standingdeadpinescontributedtosubstratediversityalsobycommonlyhavingcharredwoodandbrokentops.Basedonthepresenceofdeadpinesnagsindifferentstageoftransitionfromarecentlydeadpinetoakelowithsilverysurface,itseemsevidentthattheprocessofkelorecruitmentwascontinuouslyinactioninthestudiedlandscape.Conclusions:Kelotreesareanomnipresentfeatureinnaturalpine-dominatedforestlandscapeswithimportantcontributiontoforeststructuralandsubstratediversity.Becauseo

简介：Relationshipbetweentheδ13CoftreeringcellulosefromPinusKoraiensisandclimateparameterswasinvestigated.Asignificantlynegativecorrelationbetweenδ13Candmeanlow-cloudamountfromMaytoJulywasdiscovered,whichcontributestoreconstructingthemeanlow-cloudamountfromMaytoJulyatAntuinrecent200years.Periodicalsofquasi-8-year,quasi-4-yearandquasi-2-yearweredetectedbothinδ13Cseriesandinthereconstructedlowcloudamountserieswith95%confidencelevel.Quasi-8-yearperiodmayreflecttheintegratedinfluenceofsolaractivity,monsoonactivityandlocalregionalfactors.Quasi-4-yearandquasi-2-yearperiodsindicatetheinfluencesofENSOandQuasiBiennialOscillation(QBO)ofEastAsianmonsoon,respectively.

简介：Inthisstudy,nano-polyanlineandmanganeseoxidenanometertubularcomposites(nano-PANI@MnO2)werepreparedbyasurfaceinitiatedpolymerizationmethodandusedaselectrochemicalcapacitorelectrodematerials;andtheeffectofanilineamountonthemicrostructureandelectrochemicalperformancewasinvestigated.Themicrostructuresandsurfacemorphologiesofnano-PANI@MnO2werecharacterizedbyX-raydiffraction,scanningelectronmicroscopyandfouriertransformationinfraredspectroscope.Theelectrochemicalperformanceofthesecompositematerialswasperformedwithcyclicvoltammetry,charge–dischargetestandelectrochemicalimpedancespectroscopy,respectively.TheresultsdemonstratethatthefeedratioofanilinetoMnO2playedaveryimportantroleinconstructingthehierarchicallynano-structure,whichwould,hence,determinetheelectrochemicalperformanceofthematerials.UsingthetemplateassistedstrategyandcontrollingthefeedratioofanilinetoMnO2,thenanometertubularstructureofnanoPANI@MnO2wasobtained.Amaximumspecificcapacitanceof386F/gwasachievedinaqueous1mol/LNaNO3electrolytewiththepotentialrangefrom0to0.6V(vs.SCE).