简介：Diabetesisaleadingchronicdiseaseofchildhoodandadolescence.Inadditiontothewell-knownauto-immune,insulin-dependentdiabetesmellitus(type1diabetes(T1D)),thepasttwodecadeshavewitnessedtheemergenceoftype2diabetes(T2D)inchildrenandadolescents,whichpreviouslywasonlyseeninmiddle-agedorolderadults.Oneofthekeycomponentsofdiabetesmanagementisphysicalactivity(PA).ThebeneficialeffectsofincreasedPAanddecreasedsedentarybehaviorareextremelyimportantinyouthwithdiabetesbecauseofthemarkedlyincreasedlong-termriskofcardiovasculardiseaseinthispopulationcomparedtopersonswithoutdiabetes.Thisreviewaimstocomprehensivelysummarizetheepidemiologic,observationalresearchpublishedandlistedinPubMedbetween1970and2012onPAandsedentarybehaviors,aswellasphysicalfitnessinchildrenandadolescentswithTIDandT2D.Additionally,wedescribebrieflythestateofknowledgeonperceivedbarriersofPAinpersonswithdiabetes,withafocusonhypoglycemia.Finally,weprovideanoverviewoftheepidemiologicalliteraturepertainingtohealthbenefitsofincreasedPAinyouthwithTIDandT2Dandbrieflydiscussthetopicofexercise-relatedhypoglycemia.

简介：Theeffectsofexerciseondecision-makingperformancehavebeenstudiedusingawidevarietyofcognitivetasksandexerciseinterventions.Althoughthecurrentliteraturesupportsabeneficialinfluenceofacuteexerciseoncognitiveperformance,themechanismsunderlyingthisphenomenonhavenotyetbeenelucidated.Wereviewstudiesthatusedsingle-pulsetranscranialmagneticstimulation(TMS)toprobetheexcitabilityofmotorstructuresduringwhole-bodyexerciseandpresentaframeworktoaccountforthefacilitatingeffectsofacuteexerciseonmotorprocesses.Recentresultssuggestthat,evenintheabsenceoffatigue,theincreaseincorticospinalexcitabilityclassicallyreportedduringsubmaximalandexhaustingexercisesmaybeaccompaniedbyareductioninintracorticalinhibition.Weproposethatreducedintracorticalinhibitionelicitsanadaptivecentralmechanismthatcounteractstheprogressivereductioninmuscleresponsivenesscausedbyperipheralfatigue.Suchareductionwouldrenderthemotorcortexmoresensitivetoupstreaminfluences,thuscausingincreasedcorticospinalexcitability.Furthermore,reductionofintracorticalinhibitionmayaccountforthemoreefficientdescendingdriveandfortheimprovementofreactiontimeperformanceduringexercise.Theadaptivemodulationinintracorticalinhibitioncouldbeimplementedthroughageneralincreaseinreticularactivationthatwouldfurtheraccountforenhancedsensorysensitivity.

简介：全国职业院校信息化教学大赛教学设计方案的制定要围绕教学目标的确定、教学资源的收集、教学环境的营造、教学活动的预设、教学评价的实施等方面展开,每一个环节都要体现信息技术、数字资源或信息化教学平台如何在教学过程中的应用,以实现信息技术对教学效果的改善。

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简介：摘要：阅读活动是语言学习的重要组成部分。阅读教学对于外语课堂教学有着非常重要的意义。本文基于小学英语阅读课程的教育与实践，重点研究设计了不同类型的问题，有层次有梯度，循序渐进地实现阅读课教学目标，让学生带着问题深入学习阅读的文本内容，以回答问题为目标引导学生的持续性学习过程。这种自主阅读式的课堂教学互动模式不仅可以充分调动大部分的学生阅读兴趣，便于有效引导广大学生正确把握自主阅读的学习主线，有效地提高了小学生阅读学习效率和能力。