王树林
陕西省汉中市南郑区高台中学陕西汉中723113
摘要:高中英语教学的重点是“侧重培养阅读能力”,“得阅读者得天下”也强调了阅读在高考中的重要性。阅读的目的在获取信息。培养学生阅读能力,其目的也是提高阅读速度,快速地掌握文章中心思想,为以后进一步学习打下良好的基础,强化理解阅读中的难句,特别是学会同意转换尤为重要
关键词:同意转换,高考英语;阅读理解题
高中英语教学的重点是“侧重培养阅读能力”,“得阅读者得天下”也强调了阅读在高考中的重要性。阅读的目的在获取信息。培养学生阅读能力,其目的也是提高阅读速度,快速地掌握文章中心思想,为以后进一步学习打下良好的基础。学生在做阅读理解试题过程中,影响阅读成绩的有词汇,知识积累,思维能力等。具体到句子,难句的理解尤其关键。难句的特点是多连词,多从句,多非谓语动词现象,多词语生僻用法,多固定搭配。而很多阅读试题考查的也正是这些难句。这类试题有以下特点:1.题干与原文句子完全对应(直接重复);2.题干与原文句子不同(间接重复),有时题干是对原句的意译(paraphrase),在理解上比原句容易;需对原句进行同义转换。下面以历届高考为例(划线部分)进行分析。
一.例1(2016全国卷B)
“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenough,fastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown,”saysChristianeCrosby,publisherofGrazamagazineforgrandparents.“Wenowrealizehowimportantfamilyisandhowimportanttobenearthem,especiallywhenyou’reraisingchildren.”
27.WhatdidCrosbysayaboutpeopleinthe1960s?
A.Theywereunsureofthemselves.
B.Theywereeagertoraisemorechildren.
C.Theywantedtoliveawayfromtheirparents.
D.Theyhadlittleexperiencesfortheirgrandparents.
解析:“Inthe1960swewereallalittlewildandcouldn’tgetawayfromhomefarenough,fastenoughtoprovewecoulddoitonourown”可推断20世纪60年代的时候,人们想要离开家去证明自己的能力但现实并不允许,心里其实是想离开家的,getawayfrom与liveawayfrom同义C选项正确。
二.例2(2018全国卷C)
ThestyleofthecampusisquitedifferentfromthatofmostChineseuniversities.Manyvisitorswereamazedbythecomplexarchitecturalspaceandabundantbuildingtypes.Thecurves(曲线)ofthebuildingsperfectlymatchtheriseandfallofhills,formingauniqueview.
29.WhatimpressedvisitorstotheCAAXiangshancampusmost?
A.Itshillyenvironment.B.Itslargesize.
C.Itsuniquestyle.D.Itspersefunctions.
解析:C.本题属于细节理解题。ThestyleofthecampusisquitedifferentfromthatofmostChineseuniversities.Manyvisitorswereamazedbythecomplexarchitecturalspaceandabundantbuildingtypes.句中ThestyleofthecampusisquitedifferentfromthatofmostChineseuniversities.与C项Itsuniquestyle属于同意置换。故选C
三.例3(2018全国卷C)
Wangcollectedmorethan7millionabandonedbricksofdifferentages.Heaskedtheworkerstousetraditionaltechniquestomakethebricksintowalls,roofsandcorridors.ThiscreationattractedalotofattentionthankstoitsmixtureofmodernandtraditionalChineseelements(元素).
30.WhatmadeWang’sarchitecturaldesignasuccess?
A.Themixtureofdifferentshapes.
B.ThebalanceofEastandWest.
C.Theuseofpopulartechniques.
D.Theharmonyofoldandnew.
解析:D.题干中的madeWang’sarchitecturaldesignasuccess与文句中的attractedalotofattention为同意置换,从而定位到句子ThiscreationattractedalotofattentionthankstoitsmixtureofmodernandtraditionalChineseelements(元素).对题目的回答。显然thanksto后面的句子内容是对题目的回答。itsmixtureofmodernandtraditionalChineseelements(元素)与选项D属于同意置换,故选D.
四.例四
Inanefforttopreventlanguageloss,scholarsfromanumberoforganizations_UNESCOandNationalGeographicamongthem—haveformanyyearsbeendocumentingdyinglanguagesandtheculturestheyreflect.
32.Manyscholarsaremakingeffortsto______.
A.promotegloballanguagesB.rescuedisappearinglanguages
C.searchforlanguagecommunitiesD.setuplanguageresearchorganizations.
解析:Bmanyscholars=scholars,makingeffortsto=inaneffort:torescue=prevent,documenting:disappearinglanguages=languageloss,dyinglanguages:aremaking(现在进行时)时态对应havebeendocumenting
这些转换过程的基础是对原句的成分和句义的正确理解。要做到这点,在教学中应强化以下几点:
1.在教学中,注意同义词的讲解与归纳,强化阅读题在很多方面都是同意句型的转换,如来自网络的2008-2010高考英语阅读理解同义替换高频词。比如:
原因和结果:reason(for),result;cause(of),effect;consequence
异同与优缺点:difference,similarity;advantage/benefitdi,sadvantage
观点与态度:opinion,view(on/about),viewpoint,idea;attitudeto/towards
评论、评价:comment(on),remark(on/upon),assessment
方式、方法:means,way,method(of);solution,approach(todoingsth.);takemeasurestodosth.
目的:purpose,aim,goal
积极和消极:positive,negative;optimistic
建议:advice[u],suggestion,tip
概括、总结:summary,conclusion
特点:feature,characteristic
种类:kind,type,category,class
精神上与身体上:mentally,physically
影响:influence,impact,effect(on)
反对者与支持者:supporter,opponent,proandcon
……
转换类常用句型:
1.100years=1century=10decades
2.takeadvantageof=makeuseof
3.parentalattention=withthehelp/aid/assistanceofparents
4.opposethemove=beagainstthemove=objectto=disagreewith
5.consider…=take…intoconsideration/account
6.atthebeginning=atfirst
……
熟练掌握这些词汇对阅读与完型都有很大的作用。
2.在教学中,坚持利用教材或高考真题对一些经典的难句多做意译(paraphrase)以起到抛砖引玉的作用。
当然同意转换不是做好阅读理解的全部,更重要的是要进一步判断,归纳,推理,提高解题能力。
参考文献:
[1]中华资源库.[M]《高考英语阅读理解同义替换高频词》.2013.
作者简介:王树林(1967.11-),男,汉族,陕西汉中人,陕西汉中南郑区高台中学英语高级教师,主要研究方向:中学教育教学。