简介：Inthispaper,wereviewthecreation,evolutionandapplicationofwetlanddefinitions.VaryingwetlandsarefoundfromthetundratothetropicsandoneverycontinentexceptAntarcticaintheplanet.Wetlandshavemanydistinguishingfeatures,themostnotableofwhicharewaterpresence,uniquesoilconditions,andbiotathatareadaptedtoortolerantofsaturatedsoils.Manywetlanddefinitionshavebeendevelopedbyscientists,U.S.federalagencies,andtheRamsarConventionforbothscientificandregulatorypurposes.Wetlandsarenoteasilydefinedbutawell-conceived,science-baseddefinitionofwetlandsisimportantforscientistsandresourcemanagerstounderstandthenatureofwetlandsand/ortouseandprotectwetlands.Ascientificdefinitionisthebasisforwetlandclassification.Developinganeffectivewetlandclassificationsystemrequiresawell-conceived,science-baseddefinitionandclearlyexplicitguidanceontheappropriateuseofvariouswetlandindicatorstoverifythepresenceofwetlandsontheground.Basedonawell-acceptedwetlanddefinition,bothwetlandclassificationandinventoryfurtherprovideneededinformationandaworkingframeforwiseuseandmanagementofwetlands.

简介：Manyglobalemissionreductionstrategieshavebeenproposed,butfewhavebeenassessedquantitativelyfromtheviewofequality,efficiencyandeffectiveness.Integratedassessmentmodels(IAM)isoneoftheeffectivewaystomakeclimatepolicymodeling.SointhispaperwedevelopedtheMRICES(Multi-regionalintegratedmodelofclimateandeconomywithGDPspillovers)model,whichisanIAMbutextendstoincludeGDPspillovermechanism,tomakeassessmentonseveralstrategiesforglobalemissionreduction,includingtheegalitarianismstrategy,theUNDPstrategyandtheCopenhagenAccord.Using1990asabaselineforhistoricalemissionlevels,theegalitarianstrategyarguesthatdevelopedcountriesshouldimplementurgentemissionreductions,whereasdevelopingcountriesareallowedrelativelyhigherfutureemissionquotas.TheUNDPstrategyaddressestheissueofsubstantialchangesinglobaltemperaturebutacknowledgesthatdevelopingcountriesarenotabletoaffordmorecostsformitigationmeasures,whichisinequitablefromtheperspectiveofacountry’srighttodevelop.WealsosimulatedtheCopenhagenAccordtodeterminetheconsequencesbytheyear2100ifeachcountrycontinuestheircurrentemissionmitigationactions,andresultsindicatedthattheincreaseinglobaltemperaturewillbe2.8℃by2100;consequently,muchstrongeremissionreductioneffortsmustbeimplementedafter2020.Basedonanalysisonmitigationstrategies,itisrecognizedthatthecommonbutdifferentiatedresponsibilityprinciplemustbeinsistedwhenmakingglobalmitigationstrategy.Tocomplywiththisprinciple,theemissionreductionbaselineofdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesshouldbediscriminated,so1990and2005canbetakenasthebaseyearfordevelopedanddevelopingcountriesrespectively.

简介：TheurbanthermaldistributioncharacteristicsanditsvariationaredynamicallymonitoredandsyntheticallyanalyzedbyusingGIStechnology.Themeteorologicalsatellitedataserveasmaininformationsource,assistedasauxiliaryinformationsourcesbythelandsatsatelliteTMdata,landusethematicmapsandmeteorologicalobserveddata.Acorrelatedpatternonthegroundsurfacebrightnesstemperaturesandairtemperatureshasbeenstudiedandestablishedwithgoodperformanceofapplication.

简介：EDSSisacomprehensivesoftwaresystemforwaterqualitymanagementintidalrivernetworksingeneralandforthePearlRiverDeltainparticular.Itspurposeistoprovideapracticaltoolthatcouldassistgovernmentagenciesindecisionmakingfortheefficientmanagementofwaterresourcesintermsofbothquantityandquality.Bycombiningthecapabilitiesofgeographicalinformationsystem(GIS),databasemanagementsystem(DBMS),modelbasemanagementsystem(MBMS)andexpertsystem,theaimistoimprovethequalityofdecisionmakinginwhatisbecominganincreasinglycomplexarea.ThispaperfirstoutlinesthebasicconceptsandphilosophyadoptedindevelopingEDSS,thesystemarchitecture,designfeatures,implementationtechniquesandfacilitiesprovided.Thereafter,thecorepartofthesystemthehydrodynamicandwaterqualitymodelsaredescribedbriefly.ThefinalcontributioninthispaperdescribestheapplicationofEDSStothePearlRiverDelta,whichhasthemostcomplicatedtidalrivernetworkpatternsaswellasthefastesteconomicdevelopmentintheworld.Examplesaregivenofthereal-worldproblemsthatcanbeaddressedusingthesystem,includingcross-boundarywaterpollutionanalysis,regionaldrinkingwatertake-upsiteselection,screeningofimportantpolluters,environmentalimpactassessment,andwaterqualityzoningandplanning.ItisillustratedthatEDSScanprovideefficientandscientificanalyticaltoolsforplanninganddecision-makingpurposesintheinformationera.

简介：在这份报纸，基于格子的分布式的水文学模型BTOPMC(TOPMODEL的块明智的使用)被介绍，它从原来的TOPMODEL被开发。以便拓宽模型鈥檚应用程序到干旱区域，改进方法论也被实现。华盖拦截和土壤渗入过程被合并到原来的BTOPMC在大干旱区域为基于事件的流量模拟建模。有时间压缩近似方法的申请的一个设计渗入模型为与Lushi河盆的案例研究为事件水文学模拟改进模型鈥檚性能被强调并且验证。

简介：AsoneofthefewecologicalwetlandsinNorthChina,Baiyangdianbearsmultipleimportantecologicalfunctions,including①adjustingtheecologicalbalanceofNorthChina;②safeguardingthedownstreamareas,especiallyTianjinCity,theBeijing-ShanghaiRailwayandHuabeiOilField;③servingasthereservoirfortheNorth-to-SouthWaterDiversionProjectandtheemergentuseofwaterforBeijing;④conservingbiodiversity.Wetlandecotourismisascientificandwiseusepatternforwetlandresources,throughwhich,asourceoffinancingisprovidedforwetlandconservation,economicalternativesaregeneratedforlocalpeopletoreduceoverexploitationonwetlandresourcesandthepublicawarenessofenvironmentalprotectionisenhanced.Sincewetlandecotourismcanbenefittheco-existencebetweenhumanandnatureandpromotesocialequitybetweenpeople,itenjoysbroadpromiseforpopularizationandimplementation.Theproactivecooperationandsoundinteractionbetweenmainstakeholders,andthewideparticipationofthecommunityresidents,willguaranteethesustainabledevelopmentofwetlandecotourism.BasedontheanalysisofcurrentstatusofparticipationandinteractiverelationshipsofthemainstakeholdersinBaiyangdiantourism,thisarticlemadeanattempttoapplythetheoryofparticipatorydevelopmenttotheecotourisminitiativesofBaiyangdianwetland,discussedandbroughtforwardthecountermeasurestoimprovecommunityparticipationinwetlandecotourismundertheguidanceofthistheory.