简介:Themountainousareas(mountain,plateauandhillyarea)covermorethan85%ofthetotallandterritoryofChina.Natureandhumanityinverymountainousareahasitsowngeographiccharacteristics.IntheprocessofindustrializationandurbanizationinChina,realizingthesustainabledevelopmentofthemountainousareas,optimizingman-landsystem,andadoptingandcontinuouslydevelopingcorrespondingeconomicmodesofthemountainousareaswithmulti-functionsofeconomy,ecology,cultureandsocietytocharacterizeproductioncontent,modeofproduction,modeofoperationisnotonlyhelpfultoeconomy,societyandecologicalvalueandisofgreataestheticvalue,butalsosolvethetechnologicalproblemsofthesubjectofstartingundertakingtofinallytransformtheregionalresourceadvantageofthemountainousareaintotheadvantageofcapitalandtechnologyforeconomicdevelopmentandtogetridofthecontradictionbetweenunderdevelopedeconomyandabundantresources.ThispapertakestheThreeGorgesReservoir(TGR)areaforexampletoshowthatit'sofgreatpracticalandtheoreticalsignificancetodevelop'FiveTypesofAgriculture'andtooptimizeecoenvironment,industrialstructure,departmentstructure,regionaldistribution,varietystructureandqualitystructure.
简介:摘 要 抽水蓄能电站水道初期蓄水一般是指尾水隧洞至下水库进出水口段的首次充水,初期蓄水渗漏值是一项评估抽蓄电站整体防渗质量是否满足合同要求的重要指标,该渗漏值的大小也是评判下一阶段蓄水能否正常进行的一项关键参数,具有重要的指导意义。本文以中东KH抽水蓄能电站项目尾水隧道首次充蓄水为例,重点介绍了利用标尺精准计算渗漏量的一种方法,此方法操作简便、结果精准,在同类国内外工程中有着重要借鉴意义。
简介:Tobuildtheartificialforestecosystemisthemajoreco-economicdevelopmentmodelinthewatershedofMiyunReservoir.Itisveryimportanttoevaluatethebenefitsofthoseecosystems.Emergytheoriesareveryhelpfulforustoestablishascience-basedassessmentframework.EmergyevaluationoftheartificialforestecosystemsinthewatershedofMiyunReservoirisusedtoassestherelativevaluesofseveralecologicalfunctions(sometimescalledecosystemservices)andmainecosystemstorages(sometimescallednaturalcapital).Themaindrivingenergies,internalprocessesandstoragesareevaluated.Themainfunctions,includingtranspiration,GPPandinfiltration,areevaluated,whichare609em$/ha/yr,6,245em$/ha/yrand340em$/ha/yrrespectively.Thetotalvaluesofmajorenvironmentalservicesare4,683em$/ha/yrintheartificialforestecosystem.Themainstoragesofnaturalcapitalincludinglivebiomass,soilmoisture,organicmatter,undergroundwaterandlandformareestimated,whichare112,028em$/ha,9em$/ha,40,718em$/ha,34em$/haand6,400,514em$/harespectively.Thelargestvalueislandform,whichaccountsfor97.7%ofthesecalculatedtotalemdollarvalues.Theconceptofreplacementvalueisexploredusingtheemergyvaluesofbothecosystemservicesandnaturalcapital.Thetotalcalculatedreplacementvaluesare302,160em$/ha.