简介:Apoptosis,orcontrolledcelldeath,isanormalpartofcellularlifespan.Celldeathofcochlearhaircellscausesdeafness;anapoptoticprocessthatisnotwellunderstood.Worldwide,1.3billionhumanssuffersomeformofhearingloss,while360millionsufferdebilitatinghearinglossasadirectresultoftheabsenceofthesecochlearhaircells(WorldwideHearing,2014).Muchisknownaboutapoptosisinothersystemsandinothercelltypesthankstostudiesdonesincethemid-20thcentury.Herewereviewcurrentliteratureonapoptosisingeneral,andcausesofdeafnessandcochlearhaircellslossasaresultofapoptosis.ThefamilyofB-celllymphoma(Bcl)proteinsareamongthemoststudiedandcharacterized.WewillreviewcurrentliteratureontheBcl2andBcl6proteininteractionsinrelationtoapoptosisandtheirpossiblerolesinvulnerabilityandsurvivalofcochlearhaircells.
简介:miRNA-183family,innormalbiology,isexpressedinaharmoniousandstablemannerintheneurosensoryorgansandcells.StudieshavealsoshownthatmiRNA-183family,indifferentpathways,affectstheneurosensorydevelopment,maintenance,survivalandfunction.Inaddition,ithaspotentialneuroprotectiveeffectsinresponsetoneurosensorydestructivestimulations.miRNA-96mutationcauseshereditarydeafnessinhumansandmice,andthereforeaffectstheinnerearactivityanditsmaintenance.CertainroleshavebeenidentifiedformiR-96inthemaintenanceandfunctionoftheinnerear.Thecomparisonofthetargetgenesoffamily-183intranscriptomesofnewbornandadulthaircellsshowsthathundredsoftargetgenesinthisfamilymayaffectdevelopmentandmaintenanceoftheears.IdentifyingthegenesthatareregulatedbymiRNA-183familyprovidesresearcherswithimportantinformationaboutthecomplexdevelopmentandenvironmentalregulationoftheinnerear,andcanoffernewapproachestothemaintenanceandregenerationofhaircellsandauditorynerve.
简介:Infantswithcongenitaldeafnesscausedbyseverebilateralinnerearmalformationsfrequentlysufferfromseverehearinglossandpoorbalance.Unfortunately,theuseofhearingaidsisusuallyineffectiveinrecoveringhearing,necessitatingcochlearimplants.Wereportacaseofa6-year-oldboywithcongenitaldeafnessandbilateralinnerearmalformations(rightside,incompletepartitiontypeI[IP-I];leftside,commoncavitydeformity).Hearingaidshadaremarkableeffectinthispatient,enablingsufficientandfavorablehearingrecoverysuchastoallowthepatienttoengageindailyconversations.Per-rotatorynystagmuswasrecordedonanelectronystagmogramforbothrightandleftrotationsinadampedrotationalchairtest.Itisrarefordeafchildrenwithseverebilateralinnerearmalformationtodemonstratefavorabledevelopmentinhearingandgoodequilibriumfunction.OurfindingssuggestthatauditoryevestibularhaircellsinthispatientmayhavebeenpartiallypreserveddespiteIP-Iintherightearandcommoncavitydeformityoftheleftear.
简介:塑造耳朵的热前面(ESTF),由黄海温暖的水流(YSWC)和山东沿海的水流(SCC)的集中形成了,在冬季是在黄海(YS)的很重要的海洋的现象。在所有表明的situ大小和分析数据集,ESTF在1950s-1990s,和一个类似的变弱趋势期间一直在变弱,这是也在YS上在冬季季风发现。数字实验证明变弱冬季季风能沿着瓷器海岸和向南方的异常水流与向北方异常的水流在多十的timescale上在YS导致异常发行量在里面中央对季节的吝啬的循环YSgenerally相反。异常发行量引起YSWC和SCC的减速,并且因此削弱ESTF。因为ESTF在地区性的海洋动力学和由空至海的相互作用起重要作用,它变弱在冬季在YS为地区性的气候有重要含意。
简介:Introduction:Middleearvolume(MEV)isaclinicallyrelevantparameteracrossmiddleeardiseases.MEVvaluesbetweenthesetechniqueshaveneverbeforebeentestedforagreementinearswithperforatedtympanicmembranes(TMs).Methods:Middleearswereidentifiedfrom36patientsranging18e89yearsofagewithTMperforationswhounderwenttympanometryandtemporalbonecomputedtomography(CT)between2005and2015.MEVscalculatedbybothtympanometryandthree-dimensionalvolumereconstruction(3DVR)wereanalyzedforagreementusingBlandAltmanplots.Thedifferencesbetweentympanometricand3DVRMEVvaluesforeachgivenmiddleearwerecharacterizedacrossMEVquartiles(1?smallest;4?largest)andacrossincreasingstatesofmiddleeardiseaseusingKruskaleWallisandWilcoxontestingwithBonferronicorrection.Results:BlandAltmanplotsdemonstratedsignificantdisagreementbetweenMEVmeasurementtechniques.Differencesbetweentympanometric(T)and3DVRMEVvaluesweresignificantlygreaterwithincreasingaverage(i.e.(Tt3DVR)/2))MEVperlinearregression(p<0.0001).SignificancewasdemonstratedbetweenfourthandfirstaverageMEVquartiles(p?0.0024),fourthandsecondquartiles(p?0.0024),thirdandfirstquartiles(p?0.0048),andthirdandsecondquartiles(p?0.048).AbsoluteMEVdifferencewasnotsignificantlydifferentacrossvaryingstatesofmiddleeardisease(p?0.44).Conclusion:Statisticallyandclinicallysignificantdisagreementwasdemonstratedbetweentympanometricand3DVRMEVvalues.StudiesthatvaryinMEVestimationtechniquesmaybeexpectedtodemonstratesignificantlydifferentresults.ThesepreliminaryresultssuggestthatcliniciansshouldendeavortoseekfurtherconfirmationwheninterpretinghightympanometricMEVvalues.