简介：Whatisheat?Inthepastsomepeoplethoughtthatheatwasafluid,becauseitcanflowfromahotbodytoacooloneuntilbothareatthesametemperature.

简介：在这份报纸，陶器的蜂房改革者的热转移数字地基于计算液体动力学被模仿数字分析软件CFX5。改革者和气体的纵的温度分发被获得。有时间的温度的变化被讨论。另外，象打开时间，在改革者的入口的煤气的温度，改革者的高度和再生材料的特定的热那样的一些参数的效果加热浸透时间被讨论。它为再生热转移机制的进一步的学习提供了首先理论上的基础。关键词改革者-数字模拟-热浸透时间-高温度空气燃烧CLC数字TK124

简介：Theeffectsofdifferentrefrigerantsonheattransferperformanceofpulsatingheatpipe(PHP)areinvestigatedexperimentally.Theworkingtemperatureofpulsatingheatpipeiskeptintherangeof20℃-50℃.Thestartuptimeofthepulsatingheatpipewithrefrigerantscanbeshorterthan4min,whenheatingpowerisintherangeof10W-100W.Thestartuptimedecreaseswithheatingpower.ThermalresistancesofPHPwithfillingratio20.55%wereobviouslylargerthanthosewithotherfillingratios.ThermalresistanceofthePHPwithR134aismuchsmallerthanthatwithR404AandR600a.ItindicatesthattheheattransferabilityofR134aisbetter.Inaddition,acorrelationtopredictthermalresistanceofPHPwithrefrigerantswassuggested.

简介：Boilingheattransferprocessisanalyzedinamoderatenarrowspaceconsistedoftwohorizontalplates,Themaindifferencebetweenthisprocessandtheconventionalunconfinedpoolboilingistheliquidsupplymechanismwhichisabsolutelypreventedbythegrowthofcoalescencebubblealongwiththeheatedsurfaceinthenarrowspace.Asaresult,themacrolayerbecomesthinnerduetotheevaporationoftheindividualbubbleswithinthemacrolayerduringtheperiodofbubblecoalescence,withorwithoutdryoutthatdependsonboththegapsizeofnarrowspaceandthesizeofheatedsurface.Foraspecifiedsizeoftheheatedsurface,theinitialthicknessoftheliquidlayerhasacriticalvaluewhichapproachesaconstantwhilethespaceheightislargerthanacriticalvalue.Theindividualbubblebehaviorsandtheheattransfercanbeconsideredasthesameasthatintheunconfinedpoolboiling,ifthespacegapislarge,However,theindividualbubblesdonotgenerateinthelastperiodofthebubblecoalescenceandalowermaximumheatfluxwillberesultedifthespacegapisreduced.Insuchacase,themacrolayerisdryout.

简介：TheeffectofSiO2particlesonheattransferperformanceofapulsatingheatpipe(PHP)wasinvestigatedexperimentally.DIwaterwasusedasthebasefluidandcontrastmediumforthePHP.Inordertostudyandmeasurethecharacter,thereareSiO2/H2Onanofluidswithdifferentconcentrationandapplyingwithvariousheatingpowersduringtheexperimentinvestigation.Accordingtotheexperimentalresult,thehighfractionofSiO2/H2OwilldeterioratetheperformanceofPHPcomparedwithDIwater,i.e.thethermalresistanceandthetemperatureofevaporationsectionincreases.ItisincontraryinthecaseoflowfractionofSiO2/H2O.Finally,thecomparisonofthethermalperformancesbetweenthenormaloperationsystemandthestaticsettlementsystemisgiven.ItisfoundthatboththethermalresistanceofnanofluidPHPandthetemperatureoftheevaporationsectionincreaseafterstandingforaperiod,anditisthesametrendforthetemperaturefluctuationattheidenticalheatingpowerforPHP.

简介：AbusinessmanfromWisconsinwentonabusinesstriptoLouisiana.Uponarrival,heimmediatelypluggedhislaptopintothehotelroomportandsentashortE-mailbackhometohiswife,JenniferJohnson.

简介：AsimilarityequationforheattransferonheatsourceelementssituatedintheentranceregioninelectronicequipmentisdevelopedbasedontheexperimentaldataobtainedbySparrowetal.^[4].ThecharacteristicofthesimilarityequationisthattheratiooftheheattransfercoefficientattheentranceregiontothatatthefullydevelopedregionisindependentoftheReynoldsnumber.Itdependsonlyontherownumberoftheelementssituatedintheentranceregion.Anexampleoftheusefulnessofthesimilarityequationispresentedthatdeterminestheheattransferonheatsourceelementsinapowerunitthatcontainsonlyasmallnumberoftheheatsourceelements.

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简介：Toexplorethepossibilityofusingsolid-liquidphasechangecoolingtothoseperiodicallyorintermittentlyoperatedelectronicequipment,adetailofexperimentalstudyoftime-dependentmeltingheattransferinarectangularenclosurewiththreediscreteproturdingheatsourcesispresented.Aseriesofexperimentalmeasurementinanenclosurewithphasechangematerials(PCM)ofn-octadecaneofexperimentalmeasurementinanenclosurewithphasechangematerials(PCM)of-octadecaneheatedbythreediscreteprotrudingheatsourcesataconstantrateononeofitsverticalwallhasbeendescribed.Theoppositewalloftheenclosureiscooledataconstanttemperatureandallotherwallsoftheenclosureareinsulated.Thetime-dependentsolid-liquidshapesoftheinterfaceduringmeltingprocess,thevariationofsurfacetemperatureandtheeffectsofsulbcoolingareinvestigated.Anempiricalcorrelationpredictingtherelationshipbetweentheliquidphasefractionandsubcoolingisgiven.

简介：Beingoneofthemostabundantintracellularproteins，heatshockproteins(HSPs)havemanyhousekeepingfunctionswhicharecrucialforthesurvivaloforganisms．Inaddition,someHSPsarenewimmunoactivemoleculeswhichplayimportantrolesinbothadaptiveandinnateimmunity．TheycouldactivateCD8^+andCD4^+lymphocytes，induceinnateimmuneresponseincludingnaturalkiller(NK)cellactivationandcytokinesecretion，andinducematurationofdendriticcells(DCs)．Thesecharacteristicshavebeenusedforimmunotherapyofvarioustypesofcancersandinfectiousdisenses．ThisreviewfocusesonthemainHSPfamilies——HSP70and90families．ThemechanismofHSPs’functioninelicitingimmuneresponseareelucidatedandvariousformsofHSPsusedinimmunotherapyarediscussedindetails．Attheendofthisreview,authorssummarizeclinicaltrialsrelatedtoHSPsandevaluatetheirclinicalefficacy．

简介：纸为温度地论述围住的体积热来源和相应功能分析的表情。这里考虑的力量密度分布正常、指数、寓言。来源由于熔化和团结为象焊接的弧，激光横梁，电子横梁，等等，在焊接水池的传送对流以及潜伏的热一样的真实的热来源建模。热来源模型的参数是未知的priori并且不得不被解决一个反的热传导问题评估。为在靶子焊接的精明的3D温度地的功能分析的技术被开发。建议技术使更加为数据输入和答案减少全部的时间可能。它与激光横梁焊接钢盘子的一个例子被表明。

简介：Analyticalsolutionisobtainedofcoupledlaminarheat-masstransferinatubewithuniformheatflux.Thiscorrespondstothecasewhenalayerofsublimablematerialiscoatedontheinnersurfaceofatubewithitsoutersurfaceheatedbyuniformheatfluxandthiscoatedmaterialwillsublimeasgasflowsthroughtthetube.

简介：微尺寸的试管热exchanger(MTHE)被制作，并且它在转移和压力掉的发情的表演试验性地被学习。MTHE试管的方面上的单相的强迫的传送对流热转移关联被建议并且与在雷纳兹数字的以前的试验性的数据相比变化5001800。在计算Nusselt数字的关联的平均偏差是大约6.59%。在热入口区域的入口效果被讨论。在雷纳兹数字的一样的范围，压力落下和磨擦系数被发现比常规关联预言的那些更加高。磨擦因素和雷纳兹数字的产品也高是一个常数，而是大部分比常规。

简介：我们报导新二化性蚕，Bombyx粗腐殖质istrainsNB_4D_2，KSO_1，NP_2，CSR_2和CSR_4和热的微分表示的thermotolerance在不同中间形态震惊蛋白质。蚕larva的不同中间形态被使遭到在35°C，40°C和45°C加热吃惊2小时恢复跟随的2个小时。热吃惊蛋白质被热吃惊的SDS-PAGE.The影响在茧的商业特点上分析被后面的不同策略在控制上以获得的thermotolerance分析。比较地，NP_2比另外的种类展出了bettersurvivability。当幼虫的开发在第一中间形态>秒中间形态>的顺序继续，加热吃惊的抵抗被增加第三中间形态>第四中间形态>在所有蚕种类的第五中间形态。热吃惊蛋白质的表示在不同中间形态变化。在第一，第二和第三中间形态，在第四中间形态的84kDa和84，62，60，47和33kDa的90kDa在第五中间形态加热吃惊蛋白质响应热吃惊被观察。对应于不同阶段的商业特点上的热吃惊的相对影响在所有紧张是重要的。InNB_4D_2，茧和壳重量显著地分别地在控制上增加了到17.52%和19.44%。热为评估和进化ofthermotolerant蚕紧张作为分子的标记震惊蛋白质因为热带被讨论。

简介：Anumericalsimulationisperformedforthermalinstabilityandheattransferofviscoelasticfluidsinboundedporousmediaunderthebottomconstantheatfluxboundarycondition.Theresultsforsixdifferentcombinationsofrelaxationandretardationtimesdemonstratetheexistenceofthethermalinstabilityinducedflowbifurcation.Itisfoundthattheincreaseoftherelaxationtimecanenhancetheheattransferefficiencybydisturbingthefluidflowandfacilitatingthebifurcation.Theincreaseoftheretardationtimecanstabilizetheflowandpostponethebifurcation,leadingtosimplerflowpatternandlowerheattransferrate.

简介：Experimentalandnumericalinvestigationofheattransferandfluidflowwereconductedforclassicheatexchangerelements(flatplatewithfin-tubesin-line,staggeredandwithvortexgenerators)andcorrugated-undulatedductsundertransitionalandweaklyturbulentconditions.ThedependenceofaverageheattransferandpressuredroponReynoldsnumberandgeometricalparameterswasinvestigated.Distributionsoflocalheattransfercoefficientwereobtainedbyusingliquidcrystalthermographyandsurface-averagedvalueswerecomputed.Three-dimensionalnumericalsimulationswereconductedbyafinite-volumemethodusingalow-Reynoldsnumberk-emodelundertheassumptionoffullydevelopedflow.Computedflowfieldsprovidedotherwiseinaccessibleinformationontheflowpatternsandthemechanismsofheattransferenhancement.

简介：Thefoodindustryusesawidevarietyofprocesseswhicharenotwellunderstood.Currentmodellingandmeasurementapproachesarereviewed,withspecificreferencetoworkatBirminghamonParticletracking(PEPT)andthepotentialoftemperaturetimeindicatorsinprocessvalidation.

简介：Someconceptualproblemswerediscussedinthepresentpaper,Firstly,accordingtothephysicalmeaningofeffectiveness,anewexpressionofeffectivenesswasdevelopedbyusinganidealheatexchnagermodelandtemperaturehistogrammethod,inwhichthenon-uniforminlettemperatureprofilewasconsidered.Secondly,therelationofentropygenerationnumbertoeffectivenesswasstudied,itwaspointedoutthatbothofthemcouldexpresstheperfectdegreeofaheatexchangertothesecondthermodynamiclaw.Finally,todescribebothquantityandqualityofheattransferredinaheatexchangeracriterionnamedascomperhensivethermalperformancecoefficient(CTPE)waspresented.

简介：Effectofvelocityjumpandtemperaturejumpontheheatandmomentumtransferinmicro-domainsisdiscussedindetail.Asimulationaidedbylocallyfullydevelopedassumptionisdevelopedtoexplaintheexperimentalresultsdifferentfromthosepredictedbyconventionaltheory.Heattransferinmicro-channelsundertheuniformheatfluxisalsoanalyzed.Itisfoundthatvelocity-jumpandtemperature-jumphaveanoppositeinfluenceandNusseltnumberhasagreatervaluewhentheKnudsennumberisverysmall,WiththeincreasingofKnudsenNumber,Nussqltnumberbecamesmallerthan8.24.

简介：ConsiderabackwardheatequationinaboundeddomainΩR2withthenoisydataintheinitialtimegeometry.Theaimistofindthetemperaturefor0＜ε＜t＜T.Forthisill-posedproblem,theauthorsgiveacontinuousdependenceestimateofthesolution.Moreover,theconvergencerateoftheapproximatesolutionisalsogiven.