简介:Asaconvenientpassengertransitfacilitybetweenfloorswithdifferentheights,escalatorshavebeenextensivelyusedinshoppingmalls,metrostations,airportterminals,etc.Comparedwithotherverticaltransitfacilitiesincludingstairsandelevators,escalatorsusuallyhavelargetransitcapacity.Itisexpectedtoreducepedestriantravelingtimeandthusimprovethequalityofpedestrian'sexperiencesespeciallyinjammingconditions.However,itisnoticedthatpedestriansmaypresentdifferentmovementpatterns,e.g.,queuingoneachstepoftheescalator,walkingontheleft-sideandmeanwhilestandingontheright-sideoftheescalator.Thesedifferentpatternsaffecttheactualescalatortrafficvolumeandfinallythepassengerspatiotemporaldistributionindifferentbuiltenvironments.Thus,inthepresentstudy,amicroscopiccellularautomaton(CA)simulationmodelconsideringpedestrianmovementbehavioronescalatorsisbuilt.Simulationsareperformedconsid-eringdifferentpedestrianmovementspeeds,queuingmodes,andsegregationonescalatorswithdifferentescalatorspeeds.Theactualescalatorcapacitiesunderdifferentpedestrianmovementpatternsareinvestigated.Itisfoundthatwalkingonescalatorswillnotalwaysbenefitescalatortransitvolumeimprovement,especiallyinjammingconditions.
简介:我们在场为行人的模拟的一个导出的基于格子的模型流动。在行人之中的相互作用在某个邻居以内被看作力量的结果。不同于社会力量模型,作为在牛顿的物理,这里的力量与距离的平方的逆成正比。尽管有邻居和内在的格子的观点,这个模型不同于存在细胞的自动机(CA)当模特儿因为行人被当作个人。Bresenham为线rastering的算法在步计算被使用。
简介:Thoughthebumperofavehicleplaysamajorroleinprotectingthevehiclebodyagainstdamageinlowspeedimpacts,manybumpers,particularlyinlargevehicles,aretoostiffforpedestrianprotection.Indesigningabumperforanautomobile,pedestrianprotectionisasimportantasbumperenergyabsorptioninlowspeedcollisions.Topreventlowerextremityinjuriesincar-pedestriancollisions,itisimportanttodeterminetheloadingsthatcarfrontstructuresimpartonthelowerextremitiesandthemechanismsbywhichinjuryiscausedbytheseloadings.Thepresentworkwasfocusedongainingmoreinsightintotheinjurymechanismsleadingtobothligamentdamageandbonefractureduringbumper-pedestriancollisions.TheEuropeanEnhancedVehicle-safetyCommittee(EEVC)legformimpactormodelwasintroducedandvalidatedagainstEEVC/WG17criteria.ThecollisionmechanismbetweenabumperandthislegformimpactorwasinvestigatednumericallyusingLS-DYNAsoftware.Toidentifytheeffectofthebumperbeammaterialonleginjuries,fouranalyseswereperformedonbumpersthathadthesameassemblybutweremadefromdifferentmaterials.