简介：AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the natural antibiotics recognized for their broad-spectrum resistance to bacteria, fungi, viruses and parasites, and influencing the host immune responses. AMPs attributed to good biological effects have been used in various areas of human health, which are trying to completely replace antibiotics, owing to serious drug-resistance bacteria. However, limited bioactivity and potential biotoxicity of some AMPs was neglected, attributable to their hydrophobic structure with positive charges and nonspecific destruction of cell membranes. Various strategies have been used to design and biosynthetic optimized AMPs to improve their bioactivity, productivity, while lowering host toxicity and cost. Here, we focus on the progress made in understanding the AMPs, including biosynthesis (AMP-BioDesign 1.0 and 2.0), bioactivity (e.g. immune regulation and broad-spectrum or nonspecific actions against bacteria, viruses or parasites), and principle biotoxicity (e.g. hemolysis, acute toxicity and instability, ect). The application prospects of AMP for human health, clinical medicine (for novel drugs), tissue engineering and drug delivery system, respectively, are summarized in this review. Furthermore, future prospects and new strategy for the development of effective and low-toxic AMP formulations for human health are discussed.

简介：AbstractAntimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are small molecules produced by a myriad of cells and play important roles not only in protecting against infections and sustaining skin barrier homeostasis but also in contributing to immune dysregulation under pathological conditions. Recently, increasing evidence has indicated that AMPs, including cathelicidin (LL-37), human β-defensins, S100 proteins, lipocalin 2, and RNase 7, are highly expressed in psoriatic skin lesions. These peptides broadly regulate immunity by interacting with various immune cells and linking innate and adaptive immune responses during the progression of psoriasis. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding AMPs in the pathogenesis of psoriasis with a main focus on their immunomodulatory abilities.

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简介：AbstractThe rising threats from antimicrobial resistance due to inappropriate utilization of antimicrobial agents in health care including the pediatric population has been a topic of concern at the global level for the last several decades. The antimicrobial stewardship program (ASP) is a multidisciplinary institutional initiative focusing primarily on the improvement of antimicrobial prescribing practices and limiting inappropriate use. ASPs play an important role in the implementation of healthcare strategies in pediatrics worldwide to reduce antimicrobial resistance. Many published reports demonstrate how adapted ASPs in pediatrics result in improvement of unnecessary antimicrobial utilization, decreasing drug resistance and treatment failure, minimization of adverse clinical outcomes, decreasing healthcare costs and hospital length of stay, and optimization of diagnostic strategies. However, some barriers in pediatric ASP still exist. This narrative review describes core elements of ASP, the impact of implemented ASPs on pediatric healthcare, and challenges of pediatric ASP as seen by the authors.

简介：Marineecologicalnicheshaverecentlybeendescribedas"particularlypromising"sourcesforsearchofnewantimicrobialstocombatantibiotic-resistantstrainsofpathogenicmicroorganisms.Marineorganismsareexcellentsourcesformanyindustrialproducts,buttheyarepartlyexplored.Over30000compoundshavebeenisolatedfrommarinesources.Bacteria,fungi,andcyanobacteriaobtainedfromvariousmarinesourcessecretseveralindustriallyusefulbioactivecompounds,possessingantibacterial,antifungal,andantimycobacterialactivities.Sustainablecultivationmethodsforpromisingmarineorganismsandbiotechnologicalprocessesforselectedcompoundscanbedeveloped,alongwiththeestablishmentofbiosensorsformonitoringthetargetcompounds.Thesemisyntheticmodificationsofmarine-basedbioactivecompoundsproducetheirnewderivatives,structuralanalogsandmimeticsthatcouldserveasnovelleadcompoundsagainstresistantpathogens.Thepresentreviewfocusesonpromisingantimicrobialcompoundsisolatedfrommarinemicrobesfrom1991-2013.

简介：AbstractThe wide use and abuse of antibiotics could make antimicrobial resistance (AMR) an increasingly serious issue that threatens global health and imposes an enormous burden on society and the economy. To avoid the crisis of AMR, we have to fundamentally change our approach. Artificial intelligence (AI) represents a new paradigm to combat AMR. Thus, various AI approaches to this problem have sprung up, some of which may be considered successful cases of domain-specific AI applications in AMR. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no systematic review illustrating the use of these AI-based applications for AMR. Therefore, this review briefly introduces how to employ AI technology against AMR by using the predictive AMR model, the rational use of antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and antibiotic combinations, as well as future research directions.

简介：天生的免疫为脊椎动物和无脊椎动物的幸福是必要的。这个防卫系统的关键部件包括绑在传染代理人的模式识别受体，额外--并且中继信号的细胞内蛋白质，以及消除病原体的分子和房间。我们在一只生物化学的模型昆虫一直在学习保护机制，Manduca祷告一。在这只昆虫，hemolin，peptidoglycan识别蛋白质，o-1,3-glucan识别蛋白质和C类型lectins检测微生物引起的表面分子并且导致象抗菌剂肽的吞噬作用，生节，封装，melanization和生产那样的免疫反应。一些这些回答被细胞外的丝氨酸朊酶小径调停。prophenoloxidase(proPO)的解朊的激活产出为愈合弯屈并且微生物杀死催化五人一组一的形成和黑素的活跃phenoloxidase(PO)。M。祷告血淋巴朊酶14(HP14)先锋与peptidoglycan或o-1,3-glucan交往，汽车激活，并且导致包括HP21和激活proPO朊酶(奶头)的另外的HP的激活。PAP-1，-2和-3切了proPO面对二个丝氨酸朊酶相当或相同的事物产生活跃PO。由重量的单位大头针和有细菌的朊酶相当或相同的事物的协会的朊酶的抑制保证局部性的防卫反应。M。祷告HP1，HP6，HP8，HP17和另外的朊酶可以也参予proPO激活或spcTtzle和plasmatocyte传播肽处理。

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简介：三倍的螺旋状的结构的热稳定性在骨胶原生合成，功能和降级起一个关键作用。CD技术被利用描绘合成骨胶原的热稳定性模仿肽。因为它的便宜乐器学，低操作费用，容易的操作，和高敏感，荧光光谱学广泛地全世界与容易的存取被使用。这里，我们开发了一个其他的荧光方法检测骨胶原的热稳定性模仿肽。我们证明了那荧光光谱学能测量骨胶原的热稳定性在不同情形下面与低集中模仿肽。自我熄灭的试金将极大地帮助的这高度敏感的荧光骨胶原的性质模仿的顺序依赖者的研究肽，和它在决定象骨胶原，collectins，adiponectin，巨噬细胞scavenger和C1q那样的三倍的螺旋系统的热稳定性的应用程序有大潜力。

简介：Autoantibodiesagainsttheα1-adrenoceptorwhichhadagonistactivityasnorepinephrinemightplayrolesintheprogressionofhypertension,butwhethertheautoantibodiescouldinducevascularremodelingasnorepinephrineisnotclear.Inthispaper,themodelswithantibodiesagainsttheα1-adrenoceptorweremadebyimmunizingWistarratswiththesynthesizedthesecondextracellularloopofα1-adrenoceptorpeptides.Thehomo-agemaleWistarratsreceivedBSAinthesameimmunizingmannerandmalespontaneoushypertensiverats(SHR)wereusedascontrol.Alltheratswereraisedforoneyear.Thebloodpressureandmorphologicalchangesofarteriesweremeasured.Intheend,despitethesystolicbloodpressureofimmunizedratshadnodifferencewithnormalcontrol,themediathicknessofaortasandratioofmediatolumeninthethird-orderarteriesofmesentericvasculaturewereincreasedinimmunizedrats.Theobservationwithelectronmicroscopeshowedthatthemitochondriaofvascularsmoothmusclecells(VSMCs)hadnotablehyperplasia,andtheinterstitialcollagenfibrilwasincreasedtoo.Theeffectsofpurifiedantibodiesagainstα1-adrenoceptorontheproliferationofculturedVSMCs,andtheexpressionsofc-jun,c-fosandα1-adrenoceptorweredetected.TheresultsshowedthattheantibodiescouldpromotetheproliferationofculturedVSMCs,andenhancetheexpressionofc-junbothinvitroandinvivo.Soweconcludedthatantibodiesagainsttheα1-adrenoceptorcouldcontributetovasculardamagesinratsbystimulatingthegrowthofVSMCswhichmightbecausedbytheincreasedc-junexpression,andmightplayparticularrolesinthepathologicalchangesofhypertension.

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简介：AbstractThe emergence of antimicrobial resistance attributed to the overuse and abuse of antibiotics severely endangers global biosafety. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) produced by various living organisms exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties with a low propensity to the resistance. However, the application of AMPs has been greatly limited owing to their poor stability, high manufacturing cost, and high cytotoxicity. Thus, AMP-mimetic antimicrobial cationic polymers with cationic and amphiphilic moieties have attracted considerable attention as antimicrobial agents. These polymers typically exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activities, negligible antimicrobial resistance, and rapid bactericidal effect. These polymers exhibit low hemolysis and cytotoxicity by optimizing their chemical structures. In this study, we summarize the design principles and current findings of antimicrobial cationic polymers and identify potential candidates for developing innovative polymeric antimicrobials.

简介：抗菌剂肽是有抗菌剂活动的多肽。从中国虾(FenneropenaeusChinensis)的抗菌剂肽基因Np3和Np5集成于OryzasativaL。subsp。装饰用的梨树cv。由Agrobacterium的Aichiashahi调停了转变系统。PCR分析证明Np3和Np5的积极比率分别地在T0产生是36%和45%。RT-PCR分析证明抗菌剂肽基因在T1产生被表示，并且在转基因的植物和非转基因的植物之间的农学的特点地没有明显的差别。四Np3和Np5在T1产生的转基因的线与Xanthomonasoryzaepv被接种。oryzae紧张CR4，和所有四根转基因的线显著地提高了抵抗到紧张CR4引起的细菌的老家。Np5转基因的线也显示出更高的抵抗到紧张JS97-2，Zhe173和OS-225引起的细菌的老家。有Np5基因力量的转基因的线拥有宽广光谱抵抗到米饭，这被建议细菌的老家。

简介：唯一的肽(杯)的一个概念被建议并且实现了从双人脚踏车团spectrometry(MS/MS)识别整个房间的蛋白质离子系列。唯一的肽被定义为肽，不管它的长度，那仅仅在兴趣的proteome的一蛋白质存在，尽管这肽可以在一样的蛋白质非常出现一次。集成杯，一个二拍子的圆舞整个房间的蛋白质鉴定策略被开发进一步增加识别蛋白质的信心。包括吉祥物和SEQUEST包含Saccharomycescerevisiae和蛋白质鉴定工具的40,243个MS/MS离子系列的数据集被用来说明建议概念和策略。没有实现杯，SEQUEST识别的蛋白质是吉祥物识别的那些的2.26褶层。当杯被使用时，忍受唯一的肽的蛋白质由SEQUEST鉴别那些的3.89褶层被吉祥物识别。由跨comparing识别蛋白质的二个集合，仅仅从杯导出的89普通蛋白质被发现。在识别蛋白质之间的关键差异从每个蛋白质鉴定工具采用的filterng标准被结果。根据杯和蛋白质鉴定工具认出的蛋白质的公共分类的肽的起源，所有识别蛋白质是跨compared，导致拥有分配信心的不同层次的四组蛋白质。

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简介：AbstractAntimicrobial resistance leads to failure of clinical antimicrobial therapy, and has raised urgent global public health concern. Humans can acquire antimicrobial resistance from drugs through the food chain or the environment (contaminated water, air, soil, or manure). While antimicrobials have been regular supplements in animal feed that maintain health and improve productivity of livestock, their over-use in feeding forage has led to a rise in antibacterial resistance. This review summarizes the current use of antimicrobials in livestock, the harmful effects of antimicrobial resistance, and the comprehensive combat measures.

简介：Theinvitroandinvivoeffectsofcornpeptides(CPs)preparedfromcornglutenmealbyproteolysiswithanalkalineproteaseandfractionsofCPsfromSephadexG-15andG-10columnsonactivitiesofalcoholdehydroge-nase(ADH)werestudied.TheresultsshowthatCPsandfraction3ofCPsfromSephadexG-10columnenhanceinvitroADHactivity.Furthermore,theinvitroacceleratingeffectofthefraction3ofCPsonADHactivitywassuperiortothatofglutathione,whichwasalsofoundeveninthepresenceofADHinhibitor,suchaspyrazole.Intheinvivoexperiments,theanimalswerefedwithdifferentdosagesofCPsandwithadoseofChinesedistilledspiritorally,andsacrificedforthemeasurementofADHactivity.InvivoexperimentalresultsindicatethatCPSenhancedhepaticADHactivities.TotestthesafetyofCPsashealthfood,30dfeedingtestwasperformed.NoobvioustoxiceffectsweredetectedintreatedWistarrats.

简介：从一只使免疫的dipteran昆虫的一抗菌剂活动部分，Bactrocera背面由prepurification，离子交换层析，胶化过滤层析和反向阶段的高效液体层析(HPLC)是，被孤立并且净化。最后的净化的部分在聪明的系统HPLC上被检查并且被认为是纯部分。Theresults物理并且生物检验表明这部分是热对克积极的细菌的生长的稳定、显示出的强壮的活动。它拥有antibicrobial肽性质并且值得进一步的调查。

简介：Thepursuitofhighoilrecoveryratehasbeenapersistentobjectiveforoilindustry.Pseudomonassp.LP-7andBacillussp.PAH-2wereisolatedfromoil-contaminatedsurfacesoilsamplesofanoilfield.Theantimicrobialdegradationrates(ADRs)ofpolymersachievedbyLP-7andPAH-2wereevaluatedatatemperatureof35°Cinthemineralsaltmediaduringtheshakenflasktrial.TheADRsofcopolymersynthesizedbyusingasurfactantwithaconcentrationof5%couldreach8.4%forPAH-2and15.3%forLP-7.TheADRsofcopolymercouldreach10.4%forPAH-2and21.3%forLP-7,whenthepolymerconcentrationwas2g/L.AllresultsconfirmedthattheADRsofcopolymersincreasedwithanincreasingcontentofHDDE(capsaicinderivativemonomer)inthepolymer.ThecopolymersalsomanifestedexcellentantimicrobialdegradationperformanceinthepresenceofCu2+,Zn2+,andPb2+ions,respectively,whichhadgreatpotentialforapplicationsinenhancedoilrecovery.