简介：精索静脉曲张是在繁殖的药实践的一个普通问题。精索静脉曲张与主要不孕在15%健康的人被识别。精索静脉曲张的准确pathophysiology很好没被理解，特别关于它男不孕上的效果。我们进行了在一般人口并且在与不孕介绍的人评估精索静脉曲张的传染病学的研究的系统的评论。在这篇文章，我们识别了一些能影响精索静脉曲张的流行病学的方面的因素。我们也认识到精索静脉曲张传染病学仍然保持不完全地理解，并且有需要让设计得好的、大规模研究充分定义这个条件的流行病学的方面。

简介：Poisoningcanpresentinvariousways.Doctorsaremostfamiliarwithacutecases,butpoisoningmaybechronic,fromsourcessuchastheenvironmeng,footandwatersuppoliesandthereleaseofindustrialwasteproducts.Poisoningmayalsobeclassifiedasaccidentalordeliberate(Figure1).Sourcesfromwhichinformationonpoisoningineidentscanbeobtaindeincludemortalitydataforaccidentalpoisoningandsuicide,hospitaladmissionofrdischargedata,andenquiriestopoisonsinformationservices.Inaddition,somecountriescollectseparateinformationonchemicalexposures.

简介：STIshavealwaysimposedaheavyburdenofsuffering,particularlyinwomenandchildren,butitisonlysincetheadventoftheHFVTpandemicthatmuchattentionhasbeenpaidtothembythoseconcernedwithinternationalhealth.TheimpactofHIV/AIDShasbeencatastrophicinmanydevelopingcountries;morethan20%ofadultsareiufeetedinsomepartsofMrica.

简介：Ovariancancer(OC)istheseventhmostcommonlydiagnosedcanceramongwomenintheworldandthetenthmostcommoninChina.EpithelialOCisthemostpredominantpathologicsubtype,withfivemajorhistotypesthatdifferinorigination,pathogenesis,molecularalterations,riskfactors,andprognosis.Geneticsusceptibilityismanifestedbyrareinheritedmutationswithhightomoderatepenetrance.Genome-wideassociationstudieshaveadditionallyidentified29commonsusceptibilityallelesforOC,including14subtype-specificalleles.Severalreproductiveandhormonalfactorsmaylowerrisk,includingparity,oralcontraceptiveuse,andlactation,whileotherssuchasolderageatmenopauseandhormonereplacementtherapyconferincreasedrisks.Theseassociationsdifferbyhistotype,especiallyformucinousOC,likelyreflectingdifferencesinetiology.EndometrioidandclearcellOCshareasimilar,uniquepatternofassociationswithincreasedrisksamongwomenwithendometriosisanddecreasedrisksassociatedwithtuballigation.OCrisksassociatedwithothergynecologicalconditionsandprocedures,suchashysterectomy,pelvicinflammatorydisease,andpolycysticovariansyndrome,arelessclear.Otherpossibleriskfactorsincludeenvironmentalandlifestylefactorssuchasasbestosandtalcpowderexposures,andcigarettesmoking.Theepidemiologyprovidescluesonetiology,primaryprevention,earlydetection,andpossiblyeventherapeuticstrategies.

简介：HeartFailureisasyndromeratherthanaspecificdiagnosis.Itisthefinalresultofmanydiseasesaffectingtheheart.Heartfailureisusuallyviewedintermsofheartmuscledisease,butothercausesofthesyndromeincludevalxaxlarheartdiseaseandchronicarrhythmias.Inindustrializedsocieties,themostcommoncauseofheartfailureiscoronaryarterydisease.Asubstantialminorityofpatientshave'dilatedcardiomyopathy',inwhichthereisintrinsicheartmuscledamagewithnormalcoronaryarteries.Bydefinition,thecauseofcardiomyopathyisunknown,andthisdiagnosisshouldthereforeeventuallydisappearonceallthecausesofheartmuscledysfunctionareidentified.Therangeofcausesofspecificheartmusclediseaseisalreadywide(Figure1).

简介：Weprovideaconcisereviewofthemainepidemiologicalliteratureonfattyliver(FL)publishedbetweenJanuary2011andOctober2013.Thefindingsfromtheliteraturewillbeconsideredinlightofthealreadyavailableknowledge.WediscussthelimitationsinherentinthecategorizationofFLintonon-alcoholicandalcoholicFL,thepotentialrelevanceofFLasanindependentpredictorofcardiometabolicdisease,andrecentresearchaddressingtheroleofFLasanindependentpredictorofmortality.ThisreviewisorganizedasaseriesofanswerstorelevantquestionsabouttheepidemiologyofFL.

简介：Objective:Population-basedcancerregistrationdatawereusedtoanalyzetheepidemiologyandtrendofmalignantmesotheliomainChina,andtheresultwouldprovidebasicdataforitspreventionandcontrol.Methods:Malignantmesotheliomadatain2013wereretrievedfromthedatabaseofNationalCancerRegistry.Malignantmesotheliomaincidenceandmortalitywereestimatedusingage-specificratebyurban/ruralandgenderaccordingtothenationalpopulationin2013.Malignantmesotheliomadatafrom22cancerregistrieswereusedfortrendanalysisduring2000–2013.Results:Itisestimatedthattherewere2,041newmalignantmesotheliomacasesand1,659malignantmesotheliomadeathsoccurredin2013.ThecrudeincidencerateinChinawere1.50/106(males1.67/106,females1.32/106),age-standardizedincidenceratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASIRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASIRW)were1.03/106and1.02/106,respectively.ThecrudemortalityrateinChinawas1.22/106(males1.67/106,females1.32/106),age-standardizedmortalityratesbyChinesestandardpopulation(ASMRC)andbyworldstandardpopulation(ASMRW)were0.83/106and0.81/106,respectively.TherewasanincreasingtrendofincidencerateformalignantmesotheliomainregistrationareasofChinaduring2000–2013withannualpercentagechange(APC)of2.5%[95%confidenceinterval(95%CI):0.6%–4.5%].Afteragestandardization,nosignificantdifferenceswereobserved.Nomatterforcrudemortalityratesorage-standardizedmortalityrates,nosignificantdifferenceswereobservedduring2000–2013.Conclusions:Malignantmesotheliomaisthemajoroccupationalandenvironmentalneoplasmassociatedwithasbestosexposure.Theincreasingincidencetrendsuggeststhatmoreattentionshouldbepaidonthisdisease.

简介：AbstractObjective:Pemphigus is a life threatening autoimmune bullous disease which involves the skin and mucous membranes of the stratified squamous epithelium. The global distribution of Pemphigus varies according to genetic, ethnic, socioeconomic, and cultural backgrounds. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the epidemiological features of pemphigus a single center in Morocco and compare our results with those reported elsewhere.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted of 302 pemphigus patients seen between 1990 and 2020 in the Dermatology Department of Ibn Sina Hospital (Rabat, Morocco). We further collected all the Moroccan scientific researches published by now to compare.Results:The average annual incidence was 0.32/100,000 inhabitants. The incidence doubled to 0.72 in 2020. The most common variant was pemphigus vulgaris (125 cases) followed by pemphigus erythematosus (99 cases), pemphigus foliaceous (40 cases), and vegetans (27 cases). The female to male ratio was 0.75, the average age at onset was 53 years old and the mean duration of the disease before diagnosis was 13.36 months.Conclusion:This study joins the main characteristics of pemphigus in the Maghreb and around the world (pemphigus vulgaris most frequent subtype). In 2020, an epidemiological peak occurred during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic; probably related to stress and delayed time consultation for fear of contracting the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

简介：AbstractFetal growth restriction (FGR) is the condition in which a fetus does not reach its intrinsic growth potential and in which the shortterm and long-term risks of severe complications are increased. FGR is a frequent complication of pregnancy with a complex etiology and limited management options, other than timely delivery. The most common pathophysiological mechanism is placental insufficiency, due to many underlying causes such as maternal vascular malperfusion, fetal vascular malperfusion and villitis.Identifying truly growth restricted fetuses remains challenging. To date, FGR is often defined by a cut-off of the estimated fetal weight below a certain percentile on a population-based standard. However, small fetal size as a single marker does not discriminate adequately between fetuses or newborns that are constitutionally small but healthy and fetuses or newborns that are growth restricted and thus at risk for adverse outcomes. In 2016, the consensus definition of FGR was internationally accepted to better pinpoint the FGR population.In this review we will discuss the contemporary diagnosis and management issues. Different diagnostic markers are considered, like Doppler measurements, estimated fetal growth, interval growth, fetal movements, biomarkers, and placental markers.

简介：AbstractThalassemia, classified as the main types α- and β-thalassemia, is a single gene disorder resulting from globin chain synthesis impairment through the mutation or deletion of globin genes. The incidence of thalassemia is high worldwide, with high associated mortality. Therefore, treatment is important to improve patient outcomes. This paper reviews the current status of β-thalassemia major in China, including its epidemiology and treatment.

简介：AbstractObjective:Genital chlamydial infection is a globally common sexually transmitted infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the disease reported in China in 2019.Methods:Genital chlamydial infection cases were identified in 105 national sexually transmitted disease surveillance sites from the National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting System, which covers 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities in Chinese mainland. Data were collected and used to calculate the overall incidence, and the incidences per surveillance site, province, sex, and age group.Results:In 2019, there were 50,874 new cases of genital chlamydial infection reported in China, corresponding to an incidence of 55.32 cases per 100,000 population, and comprising a 9.98% increase from 2018 (50.30 cases per 100,000 population). The highest incidences of genital chlamydial infection occurred in Zhejiang, Guangdong province, Guangxi autonomous region, and Hainan province (average 137.49-233.37 cases per 100,000 population). The incidence of genital chlamydial infection was much higher in females than males, with a female-to-male ratio of 3.09 (84.55 per 100,000 population vs 27.35 per 100,000 population). The highest incidence of genital chlamydial infection was reported in the 20-24-year age group (184.70 cases per 100,000 population), followed by the 25-29-year age group (180.79 cases per 100,000) and 30-34-year age group (151.53 cases per 100,000 population). The highest proportion (68.30%) of genital chlamydial infection was reported from general hospitals, followed by maternal and child health hospitals (25.59%).Conclusion:The incidence rate of genital chlamydial infection in 2019 has an increase trend from 2018 and be a common sexually transmitted infection in China. The incidence is much higher in females than in males. Sexually active young adults are the highest risk population. There is substantial geographic diversity in incidence, with the highest incidence occurring in the southeast coastal areas with a developed economy. Epidemic of genital chlamydial infection in China should be concerned, and its surveillance needs to be improved.

简介：AbstractBackground:Urticaria is a common skin disease characterized by episodes of wheals, and it has a negative effect on patients’ quality of life. Large-scale population-based epidemiological studies of urticaria are scarce in China. The aim of this survey was to determine the prevalence, clinical forms, and risk factors of urticaria in the Chinese population.Methods:This survey was conducted in 35 cities from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities of China. Two to three communities in each city were selected in this investigation. Participants completed questionnaires and received dermatological examinations. We analyzed the prevalence, clinical forms, and risk factors of urticaria.Results:In total, 44,875 questionnaires were distributed and 41,041 valid questionnaires were collected (17,563 male and 23,478 female participants). The lifetime prevalence of urticaria was 7.30%, with 8.26% in female and 6.34% in male individuals (P < 0.05). The point prevalence of urticaria was 0.75%, with 0.79% in female and 0.71% in male individuals (P < 0.05). Concomitant angioedema was found in 6.16% of patients. Adults had a higher prevalence of urticaria than adolescents and children. Living in urban areas, exposure to pollutants, an anxious or depressed psychological status, a personal and family history of allergy, thyroid diseases, and Helicobacter pylori infection were associated with a higher prevalence of urticaria. Smoking was correlated with a reduced risk of urticaria.Conclusion:This study demonstrated that the lifetime prevalence of urticaria was 7.30% and the point prevalence was 0.75% in the Chinese population; women had a higher prevalence of urticaria than men. Various factors were correlated with urticaria.

简介：无

简介：ObjectiveTo调查军事人员在位于不同区域的中国army.MethodsEleven军人撤退医院里支撑的眼睛损害的流行病学的特征为这研究被选择。我们考察了在2005年1月和2009年12月之间的军事人员支撑的眼睛损害的所有医药记录。Patients’信息是镇定的。所有数据被放进数据库并且statistically.ResultsTotally分析了有有眼睛损害(442只眼睛)的415个住院病人，他们的吝啬的年龄是24.40年。眼睛损害在这研究说明13.51%所有眼睛疾病。从2006～2009，眼睛损害的数字在他们之中逐渐地增加了，(42.17%)175在空闲被伤害预定，并且(34.94%)145在工作预定。22(5.30%)病人们在损害前有一个眼睛手术或眼睛疾病的历史。总共，246个病人(59.28%)在24个小时以内被送到撤退医院，(56.64%)64在损害以后在24个小时经历了手术。有389个病人(93.73%)，在1次就医。187只眼睛(42.31%)的视觉尖酸是等级1(5=20/40)在损害以后。什么时候排出，349只眼睛(78.96%)获得了在中国军队的很经常的发生和更多注意应该被付阻止它的损害有的等级1.ConclusionEye的视觉尖酸。

简介：Spontaneousbacterialperitonitisisacomplicationofasciticpatientswithend-stageliverdisease(ESLD);spontaneousfungalperitonitis(SFP)isacomplicationofESLDlessknownanddescribed.ESLDisassociatedtoimmunodepressionandtheresultingincreasedsusceptibilitytoinfections.RecentperspectivesofthemanagementofthecriticallyillpatientwithESLDdonotspecifytherateofisolationoffungiincriticallyillpatients,noteventheantifungalsusedfortheprophylaxis,neitheroptimaltreatment.Wereviewed,inordertofocustheepidemiology,characteristics,and,consideringthehighmortalityrateofSFP,theuseofoptimalempiricalantifungaltherapythecurrentliterature.

简介：Esophagealcancerisoneofthemostfataldiseasesworldwidemainlybecauseofitsrapidprogressionandpoorprognosis.AlthoughtheincidenceofesophagealadenocarcinomahasmarkedlyriseninNorthAmericaandEuropeinthepastseveraldecades,esophagealsquamouscellcarcinomaisstillthepredominantsubtypeofesophagealcancer,especiallyinChina.Itaccountsformorethan90%ofallesophagealsquamouscellcarcinomacasesinChina.Geographicaldifferentiationisoneofthemostdistinctivecharacteristicsofesophagealcancer.Theprogression,riskfactors,andprognosisofthesetwosubtypesofesophagealcancerdiffer.Thisstudyreviewstheepidemiology,etiology,andpreventionofesophagealsquamouscellcarcinomainChina,therebyprovidingsystematicreferencesforpolicy-makerswhowilldecideonissuesofesophagealcancerpreventionandcontrol.

简介：AbstractIrritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease worldwide. Current guidelines of IBS are mostly based on the western populations and expected to vary in different communities. China has a large population and a vast literature is available on IBS. Due to linguistic variations in the literature, the studies are not widely known and their conclusions thus remain largely obscured to the western medical literature. In this article, we reviewed the published literatures on the investigations of IBS epidemiology, diagnosis, and management in the Chinese population and emphasized the different findings gleaned from the western publications. The detailed literature review will benefit understanding of and promote future study on IBS.

简介：AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), declared as a pandemic due to its rapid spread worldwide. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity and genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, using 22 virus genome sequences reported by three different laboratories in Morocco till June 7,2020, as well as 40,366 virus genomes from all around the world. The SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Moroccan patients revealed 62 mutations, of which 30 were mis-sense mutations. The mutations Spike_D614G and NSP12_P323L were present in all the 22 analyzed sequences, followed by N_G204R and N_R203K, which occurred in 9 among the 22 sequences. The mutations NSP10_R134S, NSP15_D335N, NSP16_I169L, NSP3_L431H, NSP3_P1292L and Spike_V6F occurred once in Moroccan sequences, with no record in other sequences worldwide. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Moroccan SARS-CoV-2 genomes included 9 viruses belonging to Clade 20A, 9 to Clade 20B and 2 to Clade 20C, suggesting that the epidemic spread in Morocco did not display a predominant SARS-CoV-2 route. Therefore, multiple and unrelated introductions of SARS-CoV-2 into Morocco through different routes have occurred, giving rise to the diversity of virus genomes in the country. Further, in all probability, the SARS-CoV-2 circulated in a cryptic way in Morocco, starting from January 15, 2020 before the first case was officially discovered on March 2, 2020.

简介：Therecognitionthatpsychosocialriskfactorscontributetothepathogenesisofcardiovasculardiseasehasledtothedevelopmentofanewfieldofbehavioralcardiology.Theinitialimpetusforthisfieldwasstudiesperformedinthe1980sand1990sthatprovidedepidemiologicalevidenceandapathophysiologicalbasisforastronglinkbetweenanumberofpsychosocialriskfactorsandcardiovasculardisease,includingdepression,anxiety,hostility,jobstress,andpoorsocialsupport.Inrecentyears,additionalpsychosocialriskfactorshavebeenidentified,includingpessimism;otherformsofchronicstress,suchaschildhoodabuseandtrauma,andthepsychologicalstressthatmaybeassociatedwithchronicmedicalillness;lackoflifepurpose;andthesyndromeof“vitalexhaustion,”whichconsistsofatriadofexhaustion,demoralization,andirritability.Newresearchinthelastdecadehasalsoestablishedthatpositivepsychosocialfactors,suchasoptimism,positiveemotions,avibrantsociallife,andastrongsenseoflifepurpose,canhaveanimportanthealth-bufferingeffectthroughtheirfavorableinfluenceonhealthbehaviorsandpromotionofpositivephysiologicalfunctioning.Patientscanbescreenedforpsychosocialriskfactorsinclinicalpracticethrougheithertheuseofopen-endedquestions,whichcanbeintegratedintoaphysician’sstandardreviewofsystems,ortheuseofshortquestionnaires.Physicianscanassistinthetreatmentofpsychosocialriskfactorsinvariousways,suchasscreeningpatientsforpsychologicaldistressandmakingappropriatereferralswhenindicated,providingpatientswithpracticallifestylesuggestions,andemployingofficepersonneltoteachpatientsbehavioralorpsychosocialinterventionsthatcanpromoteasenseofwell-beingand/orreducestress.

简介：AbstractThe aim of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of the viral strains isolated from outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Dalian, Liaoning province, China to determine the epidemiology of Norovirus (NoV). Fecal samples were collected from 789 outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in the Xigang district of Dalian, Liaoning province, China from July 2015 to December 2016. Norovirus was detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A selection of the positive samples identified was subsequently sequenced, and these data were analyzed by using the Norovirus Typing tool. Results showed that 38.02% (300/789) of the fecal samples were positive for NoV, of which 95.67% (287/300) were identified as genotype GII with 1.33% (4/300) identified as GI. A further 3.00% (9/300) were combined infections with both GI and GII Norovirus. When analyzing the age distribution, the infections primarily occurred in adults especially the elderly whose NoV positive rate was much higher than the average. Winter was the season when most cases were recorded during 2015 and 2016; however, another infection peak was observed in July 2016. Thirty Norovirus positive samples were successfully sequenced, and results showed that GII.4 was the most commonly identified genotype, along with GII.3 and GII.17. Norovirus is the most common pathogen for acute gastroenteritis in Dalian, Liaoning province of China. The current NoV genotype prevalence in Dalian was found to be similar to that in other regions of China. Genotype GII.4 was the most common genotype in our study, GII.3 and GII.17 were also identified.