简介：本文给出了利用视向速度、按最大似然原理对COMA星系团所作的成员判别的具体结果，对有关问题的讨论表明，我们所提出的判别星系团成员的方法是合理的。

简介：AbstractPurpose:Patients’ gender, which can be one of the most important determinants of traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcomes, is also likely to interact with many other outcome variables of TBI. This multicenter descriptive study investigated gender differences in epidemiological, clinical, treatment, mortality, and variable characteristics in adult TBI patients.Methods:The selection criteria were defined as patients who had been diagnosed with TBI and were admitted to the hospital between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2018. A total of 4468 adult TBI patients were enrolled at eight University Hospitals. Based on the list of enrolled patients, the medical records of the patients were reviewed and they were registered online at each hospital. The registered patients were classified into three groups according to the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score: mild (13 -15), moderate (9-12), and severe (3-8), and the differences between men and women in each group were investigated. The risk factors of moderated and severe TBI compared to mild TBI were also investigated.Results:The study included 3075 men and 1393 women and the proportion of total males was 68.8%. Among all the TBI patients, there were significant differences between men and women in age, past history, and GCS score. While the mild and severe TBI groups showed significant differences in age, past history, and clinical symptoms, the moderate TBI group showed significant differences in age, past history, cause of justice, and diagnosis.Conclusion:To the best of our knowledge, this multicenter study is the first to focus on gender differences of adult patients with TBI in Korea. This study shows significant differences between men and women in many aspects of adult TBI. Therefore, gender differences should be strongly considered in TBI studies.

简介：AbstractBackground:While malaria morbidity and mortality have declined since 2000, viral central nervous system infections appear to be an important, underestimated cause of coma in malaria-endemic Eastern Africa. We aimed to describe the etiology of non-traumatic comas in young children in Benin, as well as their management and early outcomes, and to identify factors associated with death .Methods:From March to November 2018, we enrolled all HIV-negative children aged between 2 and 6 years, with a Blantyre Coma Score ≤ 2, in this prospective observational study. Children were screened for malaria severity signs and assessed using a systematic diagnostic protocol, including blood cultures, malaria diagnostics, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis using multiplex PCR. To determine factors associated with death, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.Results:From 3244 admissions, 84 children were included: malaria was diagnosed in 78, eight of whom had a viral or bacterial co-infection. Six children had a non-malarial infection or no identified cause. The mortality rate was 29.8% (25/84), with 20 children dying in the first 24 h. Co-infected children appeared to have a poorer prognosis. Of the 76 children who consulted a healthcare professional before admission, only 5 were prescribed adequate antimalarial oral therapy. Predictors of early death were jaundice or increased bilirubin [odd ratio (OR)= 8.6; 95% confidential interval (CI): 2.03–36.1] and lactate > 5 mmol/L (OR= 5.1; 95% CI: 1.49–17.30). Antibiotic use before admission (OR = 0.1; 95% CI: 0.02–0.85) and vaccination against yellow fever (OR= 0.2, 95% CI: 0.05–0.79) protected against mortality.Conclusions:Infections were found in all children who died, and cerebral malaria was by far the most common cause of non-traumatic coma. Missed opportunities to receive early effective antimalarial treatment were common. Other central nervous system infections must be considered in their management. Some factors that proved to be protective against early death were unexpected.

简介：Inthisstudy,ratswereputintotraumaticbraininjury-inducedcomaandtreatedwithmediannerveelectricalstimulation.Weexploredthewake-promotingeffect,andpossiblemechanisms,ofmediannerveelectricalstimulation.Electricalstimulationupregulatedtheexpressionlevelsoforexin-AanditsreceptorOX1Rintheratprefrontalcortex.Orexin-Aexpressiongraduallyincreasedwithincreasingstimulation,whileOX1Rexpressionreachedapeakat12hoursandthendecreased.Inaddition,aftertheOX1Rantagonist,SB334867,wasinjectedintothebrainofratsaftertraumaticbraininjury,fewerratswererestoredtoconsciousness,andorexin-AandOXIRexpressionintheprefrontalcortexwasdownregulated.Ourfindingsindicatethatmediannerveelectricalstimulationinducedanup-regulationoforexin-AandOX1Rexpressionintheprefrontalcortexoftraumaticbraininjury-inducedcomarats,whichmaybeapotentialmechanisminvolvedinthewake-promotingeffectsofmediannerveelectricalstimulation.