简介：Formanyyears,studiesaboutthecochleahavebeenmainlyfocusedonsensorycells,i.e.theinnerhaircell(IHC)andouterhaircell(OHC),andtheneuronsystem.Supportingcells,suchasHensen'scellsandDeiters'cellsarelessstudied.Theirphysiologicalfunctionsandothercharacteristicsarenotwelldocumented.Nowadays,supportingcellsareanewworldattractingtoscientists'interests.Thescopeofthisreviewistodetailthebiologicalpropertiesofthesupportingcells,mainlyHensen'scellsandDeiters'cellsinthecochlea.Studiesonthissubjectwillbehelpfulinunderstandingphysiologyofthecochlea,andhopefullyprovidenewapproachesintreatingdiseasesofinnerear.

简介：ForOtolaryngologist,itisthemostimportanttoknowtheprincipleofanatomy,physiologyandcommonototoxicity.ShortbutmoreconcisesummaryhasbeensumupinthefollowingreviewinordertohelpyoungENTdoctortounderstandtheimportanceofthisbasicknowledge.

简介：Migraine,amoderatetoseverechronicheadacheoccurringononeorbothsides,isacommondiseaseaffectsyoungpeople.Althoughhearinglossinsubjectswithmigraineisnotrare,thecorrelationofmigrainewithhearinglossisnotclear.Inthisstudy,weexaminedhearinglossinyoungmigrainesubjectstodetermineifmigrainemaybeafactorincausingcochleardysfunction.Sevencollegestudentswithmigraineandthreeagematchedsubjectswithouthistoryofmigrainewereassessedusingextendedhighfrequencyaudiometryanddistortionproductotoacousticemissions(DPOAEs).Therewasnosignificantdifferenceinregularaudiomeirythresholdbetweenthemigrainegroupandthecontrolgroup.However,highfrequencyaudiometry(9-16kHz)showedthresholdsat25dBnHLorhigherinsixoutoftwentyearsinthemigrainegroup.TheamplitudeofDPOAEswerereducedformorethan10dBinthemigrainegroupincomparisonwiththecontrolgroup.ThesedatasuggestthatmigrainemayaffectcochleardysfunctionevidencedbythereducedamplitudeofDPOAEandhighfrequencypure-toneaudiometry.

简介：Objectives:Toassesspostoperativehearinglevel,andfactorsthatmayhaveinfluencehearingimprovementaftermyringoplasty.Methods:Twentysixcasesofsuccessfulmyringoplastywereincludedinthisprospectivestudy.Patientparametersincludingage,gender,sizeandsiteoftheperforation,mastoidstatus,andetiologywereevaluated.Hearinglevelswereassessedasthemeanairconduction(AC),andairbonegap(ABG)at500,1000,and2000Hz,andtheirrelationwithaforementionedparameterswereanalyzed.Results:ThemeanAChearinggainwas22.373dBandmeanABGreductionwas20.733dB.ThemaximumAChearinggainwas25.93dBforsubtotalperforationand26.24dBforbigcentralperforation,andthemaximumABGreductionwas25.63dBforsubtotalperforationand24.20forbigcentralperforation.MeanAChearinggainwas23.01dB,22.72dB,and21.39dBfor500,1000,and2000Hz,respectively,andmeanABGreductionwas21.52dB,20.79dB,and19.86dBfor500,1000,and2000Hz,respectively.Patientage,gender,mastoidstatusandetiologydidnotseemtohaveanybearingonpostoperativehearingimprovement.Conclusion:Whilepatientparametersdonotseemtocorrelatewithhearingimprovementfollowingmyringoplasty,thesizeandlocationofperforationappeartohaveanimpactonpostoperativehearingoutcomes.Mosthearingimprovementappearstooccurat500Hz.

简介：Aratmodelofchronictympanicmembraneperforationwasdevelopedtobeusedinthesearchofnewmaterialsforthesealingoftheseperforations.AlongitudinalstudywascarriedoutinratssubjectedtoincisionalmyringotomyfollowedbytheapplicationofmitomycinCaloneorwithdexamethasone.Ratswerecheckedatdays3,7,10,14andweeklythereafteruntilperforationclosure,forupto6months.Theadditionofdexamethasoneisakeycomponentinordertoobtainachronicopening.Myringotomiestreatedwithsalinehadameanhealingtimeof8.5days.At8weeks,between62.5%and77.7%oftympanicmembranestreatedwithmitomycinCanddexamethasoneremainedperforatedandat6monthsthisnumberfellto21.4%.Thistechniqueisabletomaintainmosttympanicmembraneperforationspatentforatleast8weeks.Thisratmodelisadequateforitsuseinpreclinicalortranslationalresearch.

简介：Objective:EvaluatingtheauditoryfunctioninpatientswithchronichepatitisCtreatedwithsofosbuvirandribavirin.Methods:Thisstudyinvolved80patientswithchronichepatitisCwhoagreedtoreceivesofosbuvirandribavirin.Allparticipantsweresubjectedtobaselineotologicalandaudiologicalassessmentjustbeforetreatment.Theaudiologicalassessmentincludedstandardpuretoneaudiometry,extendedhighfrequencyaudiometry,immitancemetryandotoacousticemissions(OAEs)(transientanddistortionproduct).Accordingtobaselinehearingthresholdmeasurements,thestudypopulationwasdividedinto2groups.Group1included42patientswithnormalhearingsensitivity(250e8000Hz),andGroup2included38patientswithsensorineuralhearingloss.After24weeksoftherapy,otologicalandaudiologicalassessmentswererepeatedandcomparedbetweenthetwogroupsandbeforeandaftertherapy.Results:Post-treatmenthearingthresholdevaluationshowednosignificantdifferencefrompretreatmentevaluationatalltestedfrequencies.Therewasnostatisticallysignificantdifferencebetweenpreandpost-treatmentotoacousticemissionsresults.Conclusion:TherapywithsofosbuvirandribavirininchronichepatitisChasnonoticeableeffectsoncochlearfunctions.

简介：Chronicinflammatorydemyelinatingpolyneuropathy(CIDP)isaprogressiveautoimmunedisorderthattargetsperipheralnerves.Itcommonlypresentswithmotor-predominantdysfunctionandenlargementofcranialnerves.Withregardstohearingloss,afewcasesofsensorineurallosshavebeendescribed.WepresentanovelcaseofconductivehearinglosscausedbyamassonthetympanicsegmentofthefacialnerveinthesettingofCIDP.

简介：BackgroundChronicotitismedia(COM)isasignificantclinicalproblem.UnderstandingthemechanismsofCOMiscriticalforitscontrolandtreatment.However,littleisknownoftheprocessesleadingtoCOMasaresultoflackofanimalmodelsofN-ethyl-N-nitrosourea(ENU)inducedmutationsinotitismediawitheffusion(OME).MethodsOtoscopyandauditorybrainresponse(ABR)evaluationwerecarriedoutundersedationinNmf391nmf/nmfmiceof2,4,6and8monthsofage.Themicewerekilledforstudyofmiddleandinnerearpathology.ResultsTympanicmembranevisualizationandABRthresholdsin1-to8-month-oldNmf391nmf/nmfmiceshowedspontaneousOMEandinnereardiseasesinapproximately100%oftheanimals.ThesignificantelevationofABRthresholdssuggestedasensorineuralcomponentinhearinglossinadditiontotheconductiveloss.Middleandinnerearhistologyshowedvariousdegreesofouterhaircellslossandmiddleearinflammationinallthemice,butnoinflammationcellsintheinnerear.TheABRthresholdat32kHzwassignificantlyelevated.ConclusionsThisstudyshowshistopathologicchangesintheNmf391nmf/nmfmousemodelofCOMwitheffusionthathavenotbeenreportedinhumanCOM.ThisENUinducedmutationmodelofCOMwillbevaluableforthecharacterizationofmiddleearinflammationandinnereardiseaseprocessesthatareinducedbymiddleearinfections.WeproposethatCOMwitheffusioninthisENUinducedmutationmodelisthecauseofthecochleahaircellsdamage.

简介：ObjectiveTostudytheinfluenceofunilateralairflowratechangeontheresultofcalorictest.MaterialsandMethodsTheunilateralweakness(UW)indexwascalculatedwhentheairflowratewassetat6L/mininbothears(calledsymmetricstimulation)andagainwhenitwassetat6L/mininleftearand3L/minintherightear(calledasymmetricstimulation).Eachindividualsubjectwastestedwithbothsymmetricalandasymmetricalstimulations.Pairedttestwasusedtoexaminethedifferencesbetweenresultsfromsymmetricalandasymmetricalstimulations.ResultUWindexdecreasedinresponsetoasymmetricalstimulation.ConclusionUnilaterallydecreasedairflowratecanproduceindicessuggestingipsilateralUW,whichcanbemisleading.

简介：Hearinglossandtinnitusareamongthemostcommonconsequencesoflongtermnoiseexposureandre-mainanunder-addressedheathissueinmostdevelopingnationsincludingChina.Therapidindustrializa-tionandlifestylechangesinChinaincreasetheconcernovernoiseexposureandnoiseinducedhearingloss(NIHL).ResearchonNIHLinChinaislimited.ThecurrentpaperreviewsstudiespublishedinEnglishandChineselanguageliteraturesregardingnoiseexposureandNIHLinChina.TheirimplicationontheChi-nesepopulationisdiscussed.ThepossibleutilityofaresearchmodelsuchastheDangerousDecibels?asameanstoincreaseunderstandingofthescopeofNIHLamongtheChinesepopulation,toeducatethegener-alpublicinChina(especiallytheyoung)aboutNIHLanditsprevention,andtostudyeffectsoflanguageandculturalfactorsoninternationalinformationdisseminationandbehavioralinterventionsisproposed.

简介：ObjectiveChronictinnitusisahighlyprevalentconditionandhasbeenhypothesizedtoresultfromaninnatedisturbanceincentralnervousserotonergictransmission.Giventhefrequentcomorbiditywithmajordepressionandanxiety,wearguethatcandidategenesforthesedisordersarelikelytooverlap.Thepresentstudyaddressesthegeneencodingforthe5-HT1Areceptorasaputativeriskfactorfortinnitus.MethodsIn88subjectswithadiagnosisofchronicsubjectivetinnituswhounderwentadetailedneurootologicalexamination,theentire5-HT1AgenewasamplifiedusingoverlappingPCRproducts.Ampliconswerecustomsequencedbidirectionallyandwerescreenedforvariantsinmultiplealignmentsagainstthehumangenomereference.ResultsWeidentifiedasynonymousC>Texchangeatresidue184(Pro)in7/88subjects,butdetectednomissensevariantsinthepopulationunderstudy.Specifically,thefollowingresidueswerefullyconserved:16(Pro),22(Gly),28(Ile),98(Val),220(Arg),267(Val),273(Gly),and418(Asn).DiscussionThepresentdatacountagainstthecausationofchronictinnitusbyachangeinthe5-HT1Areceptor'saminoacidsequence.However,theallelefrequencyforthe184Prominorallele(0.04)reachedtwicethefrequencyreportedincontrolcohortsfromthesameethnicity.Additionalinvestigationsareinvitedtoclarifytheroleofthe5-HT1Apolymorphisminlargersamples,andtocontrolforcomorbidaffectivedisorders.

简介：ThegoalofthisstudywastotranslatetheLittlEARSAuditoryQuestionnaireintoYorubalanguageforusewithYoruba-speakingparentsandtoevaluatethepsychometricpropertiesoftheYorubaversionofquestionnaire.TranslationoftheLittlEARSAuditoryQuestionnaireintoYorubalanguagewasdoneusingaback-translationmethod.Thestudyparticipantsincluded423parentsofnormalhearingchildrenaged6e24months.Psychometricanalyses(scaleanalysisanditemanalysis)ofthetranslatedquestionnairewasdone.Thescalecharacteristicsinthedatasetare:Internalconsistency:Cronbach'salpha?0.907;reliability;Split-half?0.701;predictiveaccuracy;Guttman'slambda?0.583;correlationbetweentotalscoreandchildren'sage?0.783.Theregressionanalysisshowedthat75.3%ofthevarianceinthetotalscorescanbeexplainedbyage.TheYorubaversionoftheLittlEARSAuditoryQuestionnaireisadependableandvalidtoolasevidencedbytheresultsofpsychometricanalyses.Thetoolisusefulforassessingauditorydevelopmentinchildrenbetween6and24monthsofage.

简介：ObjectiveToinvestigateeffectoffeetorientationontheevaluationoftheposturalstabilityinpatientswithunilateralvestibularhypofunction(UVH)bytimedstandingtestsandstaticposturography(SPG).Methods65subjectswithUVHand92healthysubjectsregardedascontrolgrouptooktheposturalstabilitytestsinfourdifferentstancesincluding(1)standardRombergtest,(2)feet-apartstancetest,(3)tandemand(4)unilateralstandingtests.Ineachstance,theposturalstabilitywasmeasuredinbotheyesopen(EO)andeyesclosed(EC)conditions.Theaveragetimethatsubjectskeptbalancebeforefallingineachtestconditionswasrecordedbystopwatchasthetimedresult.Inaddition,theswayvelocity(SV)ofcenteroffootpressureintheuprightstanceduringstandardRombergtestandfeetapartstance,regardedasposturalstability,wasalsorecordedasSPG.Results(1)Thebalance-maintainingtimeoftheUVHgroupintandemandunilateralstandingwithEOandECwasdecreased(P<0.001)comparedwiththecontrolgroup.(2)TheSVsduringstandardRombergtestandfoot-apartstancewithEOwerenotdifferentbetweentheUVHgroupandcontrolgroup(P=0.118and0.110respectively),butsignificantwithECcondition(P<0.001).(3)Forbothgroups,theSVduringfoot-apartstandingwasshorterthanstandardRombergtestbothwithEOandEC(P<0.05andP<0.001).(4)TherewasnocorrelationbetweenthebalancetimeandSVforeithergroups(P>0.05).ConclusionsTheresultssuggestthatthetandemandunilateralstancetestsmayprovideadditionalinformationabouttheuprightstancetotheSPGmeasurementinpatientswithUVH.TheeffectoffeetorientationonSPGmeasurementsshouldbeconsidered.

简介：Objective:Toinvestigatetheeffectsofconductivehearingloss(CHL)onvestibularevokedmyogenicpotentials(VEMPs)usingasimulatedCHLmodel,andtoprovidethebasisforfuturestudies.Methods:Twenty-onehealthysubjectswererecruitedinthisstudy.WemeasuredocularVEMPs(oVEMPs)andcervicalVEMPs(cVEMPs)inthesesubjectsbyair-conductionsound(ACS)stimulation.CHLwassimulatedlaterbyblockingtherightexternalauditorycanalwithasoundproofearplugtoevaluateitsimpactsonVEMPs.Subjects'responsesbeforesimulatedCHLservedasthecontrol,andwerecomparedtotheirresponsesfollowingsimulatedCHL.Results:oVEMPsfollowingsimulatedCHLshoweddecreasedresponserate,elevatedthresholds,attenuatedamplitudesandprolongedN1latenciescomparedwiththosebeforesimulatedCHL,andthedifferenceswerestatisticallysignificant.Similarly,cVEMPsfollowingsimulatedCHLalsoshoweddecreasedresponserate,elevatedthresholdsandattenuatedamplitudes,withprolongedP1latenciescomparedwiththosebeforesimulatedCHL,althoughonlydifferencesinresponserate,thresholdandamplitudeweresignificant.Conclusions:ConductivehearinglossaffectstheresponserateandotherresponseparametersinoVEMPsandcVEMPs.

简介：Enlargedvestibularaqueduct(EVA),themostfrequentidentifiablecauseofcongenitalhearingloss,isevaluatedwithhigh-definitionmultidetectorCTintheaxialplane.OurpurposewastodeterminewhichreformattedCTmeasurementsaremostreproducible.Sevenmultiplanarreformattedimageswerecreatedforeachofthe64temporalbonesinpatientswithEVA.Intraclasscorrelationcoefficients(ICC)wereusedtoassessinter-observervariability,andbothlinearregressionandROCanalyseswereusedtocomparethemeasurementswithseverityofhearingloss,asassessedbypuretoneaudiometry.Allsevenmeasurementshadexcellentinter-observervariability,withaverage-measureICCrangingfrom0.92to0.98.Therewasnostatisticallysignificantcorrelationbetweentheradiologicdegreeofaqueductenlargementandseverityofhearinglossusinganyofthesevenmeasurements;ROCanalysesrevealedareasunderthecurvesrangingfrom0.57to0.73.Optimalaccuracywasobtainedwithathresholdof1.75mmasmeasuredattheaqueductalapertureintheP€oschlplane,withsensitivityof0.75andspecificityof0.63.AlthoughtheradiologicmeasurementmaynotserveasareliabletoolforassessingseverityofEVA,P€oschlplanereformattinghasproventobebetterthanconventionalaxialacquisitionplaneforidentifyingpatientswithclinicallysignificanthearingloss.