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简介：Thispaperpresentsamoleculardynamicssimulationofthebehavioursofnon-polardropletsmergingandalsothefluidmoleculesinteractingwithahydrophobicsurface.Suchbehavioursandtransportphenomenaarepopularingeneralmicro-channelflowboilingandtwo-phaseflow.ThedropletsareassumedtobecomposedofLennards-Jonestypemolecules.Periodicboundaryconditionsareappliedinthreecoordinatedirectionsofa3-Dsystem,wherethereexisttwoliquiddropletsandtheirvapour.Thetwodropletsmergewhentheycomewithintheprescribedsmalldistance.Themergingoftwodropletsapartfromeachotheratdifferentinitialdistancesistestedandthepossiblelarger(orcritical)non-dimensionaldistance,inwhichdropletsmergingcanoccur,isdiscussed.TheevolutionofthemergingprocessissimulatednumericallybyemployingtheMolecularDynamics(MD)method.Forinteractionswithhydrophobicsolidwall,asystemwithfluidconfinedbetweentwowallsisusedtostudythewettingphenomenaoffluidandsolidwall.Theresultsarecomparedwiththoseofhydrophilicwalltoshowtheuniquecharacteristicsofhydrophobicinteractionsbymicroscopicmethods.

简介：Inthispaperwedevelopanelasto-dynamicmodelofthehumanarmthatincludeseffectsofneuro-muscularcontroluponelasticdeformationinthelimb.Theelasto-dynamicmodelofthearmisbasedonhybridparametermultiplebodysystemvariationalprojectionprinciplespresentedinthecompanionpaper.Thoughthetechniqueissuitablefordetailedboneandjointmodeling,wepresentsimulationsforsimplifiedgeometryofthebones,discretizedasRayleighbeamswithelongation,whileallowingforlargedeflections.MotionoftheupperextremityissimulatedbyincorporatingmuscleforcesderivedfromaHill-typemodelofmusculotendondynamics.Theeffectsofmuscleforcearemodeledintwoways.Inoneapproach,aneffectivejointtorqueiscalculatedbymultiplyingthemuscleforcebyajointmomentann.Asecondapproachmodelsthemuscleasactingalongastraightlinebetweentheoriginandinsertionsitesofthetendon.Simplearmmotionissimulatedbyutilizingneuralfeedbackandfeedforwardcontrol.Simulationsillustratethecombinedeffectsofneuralcontrolstrategies,modelsofmuscleforceinclusion,andelasticassumptionsonjointtrajectoriesandstressandstraindevelopmentintheboneandtendon.