简介：Ovariancancer(OC)istheseventhmostcommonlydiagnosedcanceramongwomenintheworldandthetenthmostcommoninChina.EpithelialOCisthemostpredominantpathologicsubtype,withfivemajorhistotypesthatdifferinorigination,pathogenesis,molecularalterations,riskfactors,andprognosis.Geneticsusceptibilityismanifestedbyrareinheritedmutationswithhightomoderatepenetrance.Genome-wideassociationstudieshaveadditionallyidentified29commonsusceptibilityallelesforOC,including14subtype-specificalleles.Severalreproductiveandhormonalfactorsmaylowerrisk,includingparity,oralcontraceptiveuse,andlactation,whileotherssuchasolderageatmenopauseandhormonereplacementtherapyconferincreasedrisks.Theseassociationsdifferbyhistotype,especiallyformucinousOC,likelyreflectingdifferencesinetiology.EndometrioidandclearcellOCshareasimilar,uniquepatternofassociationswithincreasedrisksamongwomenwithendometriosisanddecreasedrisksassociatedwithtuballigation.OCrisksassociatedwithothergynecologicalconditionsandprocedures,suchashysterectomy,pelvicinflammatorydisease,andpolycysticovariansyndrome,arelessclear.Otherpossibleriskfactorsincludeenvironmentalandlifestylefactorssuchasasbestosandtalcpowderexposures,andcigarettesmoking.Theepidemiologyprovidescluesonetiology,primaryprevention,earlydetection,andpossiblyeventherapeuticstrategies.

简介：Colorectalcancer(CRC)isthesecondmostcommoncancerinwomenandthethirdmostcommoninmenglobally.CRCarisesfromoneoracombinationofchromosomalinstability,CpGislandmethylatorphenotype,andmicrosatelliteinstability.Geneticinstabilityisusuallycausedbyaneuploidyandlossofheterozygosity.Mutationsinthetumorsuppressororcellcyclegenesmayalsoleadtocellulartransformation.Similarly,epigeneticand/orgeneticalterationsresultinginimpairedcellularpathways,suchasDNArepairmechanism,mayleadtomicrosatelliteinstabilityandmutatorphenotype.Non-codingRNAs,moreimportantlymicroRNAsandlongnon-codingRNAshavealsobeenimplicatedatvariousCRCstages.Understandingthespecificmechanismsoftumorigenesisandtheunderlyinggeneticandepigenetictraitsiscriticalincomprehendingthediseasephenotype.Thispaperreviewsthesemechanismsalongwiththerolesofvariousnon-codingRNAsinCRCs.

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简介：超声能不仅在检查，而且在治疗被使用，特别在癌症的治疗。Sonodynamic治疗是使用超声提高作为sonosensitizers知道的代理人的细胞毒素的效果的一个试验性的癌症治疗方法。它在vitro并且在vivo被测试了。超声能在一些直接改变房间膜渗透的条件下面渗透织物和房间，从而在某度允许外长的分子的交货进房间。超声能禁止增长或在vitro或在vivo导致癌症房间的apoptosis。低频率的显示的最近的研究和低紧张的超声能导致房间apoptosis，它能被sonodynamic敏感加强，microbubbles，化学疗法的药等等。超声的大多数类型通过导致癌症房间的apoptosis压制了癌症房间的增长。apoptosis的机制不是清楚的。在这评论，我们将集中于并且由超声讨论癌症房间apoptosis的正式就职的机制。

简介：Increasedabdominalimaginghasledtoanincreaseinthedetectionoftheincidentalsmallrenalmass(SRM).WithincreasingrecognitionthatthemalignantpotentialofSRMsisheterogeneous,rangingfrombenign(15%-20%)toaggressive(20%),enthusiasmformoreconservativemanagementstrategiesintheelderlyandinfirmed,suchasactivesurveillance(AS),havegrownconsiderably.AsthemanagementoftheSRMevolvestoincorporateablativetechniquesandASforlowriskdisease,theroleofrenalmassbiopsy(RMB)tohelpguideindividualizedtherapyisevolving.Historically,theroleofRMBwaslimitedtotheevaluationofsuspectedmetastaticdisease,renalabscess,orlymphoma.However,inthecontemporaryera,theroleofbiopsyhasgrown,mostnotablytoidentifypatientswhoharborbenignlesionsandforwhomtreatment,particularlytheelderlyorfrail,maybeavoided.WhenperformingaRMBtoguideinitialclinicaldecisionmakingforsmall,localizedtumors,themostrelevantquestionsareoftenrelegatedtoproofofmalignancyanddocumentation(ifpossible)ofgrade.However,significantintratumoralheterogeneityhasbeenidentifiedinclearcellrenalcellcarcinoma(ccRCC)thatmayleadtoanunderestimationofthegeneticcomplexityofatumorwhensingle-biopsyproceduresareused.HeterogeneousgenomiclandscapesandbranchedparallelevolutionofccRCCswithspatiallyseparatedsubclonescreatesanillusionofclonaldominancewhenassessedbysinglebiopsiesandraisesimportantquestionsregardinghowtumorscanbeoptimallysampledandwhetherfutureevolutionarytumorbranchesmightbepredictableandultimatelytargetable.Thisworkraisesprofoundquestionsconcerningthegeneticlandscapeofcancerandhowtumorheterogeneitymayaffect,andpossiblyconfound,targeteddiagnosticandtherapeuticinterventions.Inthisreview,wediscussthecurrentroleofRMB,theimplicationsoftumorheterogeneityondiagnosticaccuracy,andhighlightpromisingfuturedirections.

简介：Anewcaseofepithelioidhemangioendotheliomaisreportedtohaveoccurredtoa67-year-oldpatientwhoconsultedforrightsidedchestpain.Thework-upshowedmultiplerightpulmonarylesionsassociatedwithbilateralmoderatepleuraleffusionandleft-sidedpleuralthickeningandthreehypodensenodulesintherightlobeoftheliver,peritonealthickening,ascites,andmultiplevertebrallyticlesions.Thediagnosisofanepithelioidhemangioendotheliomawasconcludedthroughahistologicalexaminationofacomputedtomographyscanguidedbiopsyoftheliver.Thepatientreceivedaprimarymono-chemotherapywithAdriamycin(75mg/m~2everythreeweeks)andintravenousbisphosphonateswithoutresponseandgeneralstatusimpairment.Thepatientdiedafter16monthsoffollow-up.

简介：Erythroprotein-producinghumanhepatocellularcarcinomareceptors(Ephreceptors)composeasubfamilyoftransmembraneprotein-tyrosinekinasesreceptorsthattakespartinnumerousphysiologicalandpathologicalprocesses.Ephfamilyreceptor-interactingproteins(Ephrins)areligandsforthosereceptors.Eph/ephrinsystemisresponsibleforthecytoskeletonactivity,celladhesion,intercellularconnection,cellularshapeaswellascellmotility.Itaffectsneurondevelopmentandfunctioning,boneandglucosehomeostasis,immunesystemandcorrectfunctionofenterocytes.MoreoverEph/ephrinsystemisoneofthecrucialonesinangiogenesisandlymphangiogenesis.Withsuchawiderangeofimpactitisclearthatdisturbedfunctionofthissystemleadstopathology.Eph/ephrinsystemisinvolvedincarcinogenesisandcancerprogression.Althoughtheideaofparticipationofephrinincarcinogenesisisobvious,theexactwayremainsunclearbecauseofcomplexbi-directionalsignalingandcross-talkswithotherpathways.Furtherstudiesarenecessarytofindanewtargetfortreatment.

简介：Objective:Langerhanscellhistiocytosis(LCH)hasbeenwelldescribedonlyinchildren.Weanalyzedthecharacteristics,reactivation,andoutcomeofLCHinacohortof55patientsacrossallages.Methods:WereviewedtherecordsofallpatientswithLCHtreatedatasingleinstitutebetweenJan.1974andMay1998.Results:The55patientswere2to67yearsofage(median,31years)atthetimeofdiagnosis,and85.5%weremale.Fortypatients(72.7%)hadsingle-systemLCH;Fifteen(27.3%)hadmultisystemdisease.Theheadandneckwasthemostfrequenttumorsite(63.6%).LCHwasnotfoundinorgansatriskofinvolvement(liver,spleen,bonemarrow,andlungs).Thefrequencyofbonyinvasion(23.6%overall)differedsignificantlyaccordingtoage(15years(66.7%)vs.Age>15years(11.6%)(P=0.0005).Atamedianfollow-upof12years,nopatientdiedofLCH.The5,10-yearsurvivalestimateswere100%.The5,10-yeardisease-freesurvivalestimateswere70.9%and58.4%.The5-yeardisease-freesurvivalestimatewas58.3%forage(15yearsvs.74.4%forage>15years(P=0.83)and75%forsingle-systemdiseasevs.60%formultisystemdisease(P=0.13).LCHwasreactivatedin43.6%ofpatients,withamedianof14months(range,2-180months).Threepatientswithrecurrentdiseaseexperiencedspontaneousremission.Atthetimeofthemostrecentfollow-up,23.6%ofsurvivorshadactivedisease.Conclusion:LCHisnotfoundexclusivelyinchildrenandadolescents.Thefrequencyofboneinvasionisinverselyrelatedtoage.Reactivationisverycommonregardlessofthetypeoftreatment,buttheprognosisisgenerallygood.

简介：Sarcoidosisisabenignsystematicgranulomatousdisorderofunknownetiologyandisassociatedwithvariousmalignancies.However,granulomatousandmetastaticlymphnodelesionsaredifficulttodistinguishevenwhenusingpreciseandmoderndiagnosticmethods,suchaspositronemissiontomography.Thus,histologicalverificationistheonlymethodthatcanbeusedtoaccuratelydescribethenatureofthisdisease.Inthisarticle,wereportacaseofnon-luminalHER-2/neu-positivebreastcancerinapatientwithouthistoryofsarcoidosisandsuspectedtohavemetastaticdisease.

简介：Autoimmunehepatitis(AIH)hasrarelybeendescribedasanautoimmuneparaneoplasticsyndromeofthymoma.ThiscaseistheseventhcaseofAIHrevealedbycholestasisfewyearsafterthediagnosisofthymomaandthefirstcasetreatedwithchemotherapyalone.Wereportinthispaperanewapproachtothisrareseverecondition.A29year-oldmanpresentedwithchestpainanddyspneawithahistoryofthymomasurgicallyremoved4yearsago.CTscanshowedtherecurrenceofananteriormediastinalmass.Biologyshowedelevatedliverenzymesandprofoundcholestasis.Nosignofviralortoxichepatitisorbileductabnormalitieswereobserved.Autoimmuneantibodies,exceptfortheanti-nuclearantibody,werenegative.LiverbiopsyshowedactivechronicAIH.ThepatientwasdiagnosedwithrecurrentthymomawithAIHandunderwent6cyclesofchemotherapy.Acompleteresponseonthymomaandcholestasiswasobtainedafter10monthsoffollow-up.SteroidsandimmunosuppressorsarethestandardtreatmentforAIH.Theeffectofchemotherapyasaspecifictreatmentofthisparaneoplasticsyndromeneedstobeconsidered.

简介：Three-dimensional(3D)printing(3DP)isarapidprototypingtechnologythathasgainedincreasingrecognitioninmanydifferentfields.Inherentaccuracyandlow-costpropertyenableapplicabilityof3DPinmanyareas,suchasmanufacturing,aerospace,medical,andindustrialdesign.Recently,3DPhasgainedconsiderableattentioninthemedicalfield.Theimagedatacanbequicklyturnedintophysicalobjectsbyusing3DPtechnology.Theseobjectsarebeingusedacrossavarietyofsurgicalspecialties.Theshortageofcadaverspecimensisamajorprobleminmedicaleducation.However,thisconcernhasbeensolvedwiththeemergenceof3DPmodel.Custom-madeitemscanbeproducedbyusing3DPtechnology.Thisinnovationallows3DPuseinpreoperativeplanningandsurgicaltraining.Learningisdifficultamongmedicalstudentsbecauseofthecomplexanatomicalstructuresoftheliver.Thus,3Dvisualizationisausefultoolinanatomyteachingandhepaticsurgicaltraining.However,conventionalmodelsdonotcapturehapticqualities.3DPcanproducehighlyaccurateandcomplexphysicalmodels.Manytypesofhumanoranimaldifferentiatedcellscanbeprintedsuccessfullywiththedevelopmentof3Dbio-printingtechnology.Thisprogressrepresentsavaluablebreakthroughthatexhibitsmanypotentialuses,suchasresearchondrugmetabolismorliverdiseasemechanism.Thistechnologycanalsobeusedtosolveshortageoforgansfortransplantinthefuture.

简介：Breastmetastasisfromextra-mammarymalignancyisrare.Anincidenceof0.4%to1.3%hasbeenreportedinliterature.Theprimarymalignanciesthatmostcommonlymetastasizetothebreastareleukemia,lymphoma,andmalignantmelanoma.Inthisreport,twocasesofpulmonarymetastasistothebreastwerepresented.A40-year-oldfemalemanifestedarightbreastmassof2-monthduration.Afterphysicalexaminationwasperformed,apoorlydefinedmasswasnotedintheupperouterquadrantoftherightbreast.Another49-year-oldfemalemanifestedrightbreastmassof5-dayduration.Apoorlydefinedmasswasnotedinthelowerinnerquadrantoftherightbreast.Mammographyresultsalsorevealedbreastcancer.Thepatientsunderwentlocalexcision.Afterhistologicalandimmunohistochemicalanalyseswereconducted,aprimarylungcarcinomathatmetastasizedtothebreastwasdiagnosed.Anaccuratedifferentiationofmetastasistothebreastfromprimarybreastcancerisveryimportantbecausethetreatmentandprognosisofthetwodiffersignificantly.

简介：Perivascular上皮状的房间肿瘤(PEComas)是稀罕的间充质的瘤的一个家庭。PEComas，镇静上皮状并且锭子房间，有细胞的一样和immunohistochemical特征但是在不同内脏、软的织物地点被发现。这里，我们报导组织学并且PEComa的一个案例的immunohistochemical特征在一个男病人的骨盆的内脏的腹膜限制了。病人与激进的外科被对待，并且好并且没有肿瘤复发，在后续上访问。

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简介：三尺宏文齐朱案，九州资政汇百川。佛心慈念修云梦，半日红尘半日禅。

简介：Extrapulmonarysmallcellcarcinoma(EPSCC)isarareneoplasmcomprising2.5%to5%ofsmallcellcarcinomas(SCCs).BladderSCCisthemostcommonsiteofgenitourinarytract.PrimaryrenalSCCisextremelyrare.WereportacaseofprimarySCCofthekidneywhichisrarelyreportedintheurinarytractandpresentsanaggressiveclinicalpicture.A59-year-oldfemalevisitedaurologicclinicwithcomplaintofpersistentleftflanksoreness10yearsafterundergoingrenaltransplantation.Abdominalcomputedtomographyshowedaleftrenalpelvistumor.Afterthepatientreceivedleftnephroureterectomywithbladdercuffresection,herpathologyresultsshowedSCC.Aftersurgery,shereceivedadjuvantsystemicchemotherapy,andherrecoveryhasbeenuneventfulasof8months.PrimaryrenalSCCpresentswithanadvancedtumorstageandashortmediansurvivalperiod,thereforeearlyinterventionandclosefollow-uparerecommended.

简介：Renalcellcarcinoma(RCC)accountsforapproximately3%ofallcancercases.RCCsusuallymetastasizetothelungs,bones,liver,orbrain.Only<1%ofpatientswithbonemetastasesmanifestedclavicularRCCmetastases.Thus,clavicularmetastasisastheinitialpresentationofRCCisextremelyrare.WereportapatientwithRCCmetastasistotheleftclavicle,whichwasfirstpresentedwithpaincausedbyapathologicalfracture.Magneticresonanceimagerevealedarenaltumor,andtechnetium-99m–methylenediphosphonatebonescintigraphyshowedmultipleosseousmetastases.Thepatienteventuallyunderwentsurgerytoremovethelateralendoftheleftclavicleandrightkidney.Histopathologyrevealedrenaltumorandclearcellcarcinomaintheclavicle.Finally,wereview17casesofclavicularmetastasesoriginatingfromdifferentmalignancies.

简介：Lymphomararelyoccursduringpregnancy,makingthisconditiondifficulttodefine.Lymphomasthatoccurinreproductiveorgansduringpregnancyexhibituniqueclinicalcharacteristics.Amongthelimitedcases,non-Hodgkin'slymphoma(NHL)showsaconsiderablyhigherincidenceratethanHodgkin'slymphoma(HL);NHLalsodisplaysclinicalcharacteristics,suchashighaggressiveness,advancedstage,andpooroutcome.Thisstudyreportsonfourcasesoflymphomasinnon-gonadalorgans(HL,n=2;NHL,n=2)duringpregnancy.Thetumorsrapidlyprogressedinallpatientsduringpregnancybutremittedattheendofpregnancyand/ortherapy.ThetwoHLcaseswerenodularsclerosisclassicalHLandtreatedwithchemotherapyafterterminatingthepregnancy.OneoftheNHLcaseswasprimarycutaneousfollicularcenterlymphoma,aBcell-derivedindolentlymphoma.Thepatientwasfollowedupwithoutanytherapyafterterminatingherpregnancy.Theothercasewasafollicularlymphomagrade3B,whichwastreatedwithchemotherapyafterdelivery.Wealsoconductedaliteraturereviewof165lymphomacasesoccurringduringpregnancyreportedfrom1976to2013torevealthecorrelationbetweenpregnancyandlymphomaprogression.Immunohistochemistrystudieswereperformedtodeterminetheexpressionofestrogen/progesteronereceptors(ER/PR),andERwasweaklypositiveandsporadic.Weconcludedthatlymphomasoccurringduringpregnancyshouldbemanagedwithapromptandreasonabletreatment.Highestrogenlevelinmaternalbodymayaffectlymphomaprogression.

简介：Surgeryfollowingneoadjuvantchemoradiotherapy(NCRT)isacommonmultidisciplinarytreatmentforresectableesophagealcancer(EC).Afteranalyzing12randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTs),wediscussthekeyissuesofsurgeryinthemanagementofresectableEC.Alongwithchemoradiotherapy,NCRTisrecommendedforpatientswithsquamouscellcarcinoma(SCC)andadenocarcinoma(AC),andmostchemotherapyregimensarebasedoncisplatin,fluorouracil(FU),orboth(CF).However,taxane-basedschedulesoradditionalstudies,togetherwithnewerchemotherapies,arewarranted.Innineclinicaltrials,post-operativecomplicationsweresimilarwithoutsignificantdifferencesbetweentwotreatmentgroups.In-hospitalmortalitywassignificantlydifferentinonly1outof10trials.HalfoftherandomizedtrialsthatcompareNCRTwithsurgeryinECdemonstrateanincreaseinoverallsurvivalordisease-freesurvival.NCRToffersagreatopportunityformarginnegativeresection,decreaseddiseasestage,andimprovedloco-regionalcontrol.However,NCRTdoesnotaffectthequalityoflifewhencombinedwithesophagectomy.Futuretrialsshouldfocusontheidentificationofoptimumregimensandselectionofpatientswhoaremostlikelytobenefitfromspecifictreatmentoptions.

简介：DearFriendsandColleaguesOnbehalfoftheorganiingCommittee,wearepleasedtowelcomeyoutoparticipateinthe2~(nd)InternationalSymposiumonTranslationalCancerResearchtobeheldonAugust18~(th)-20(th),2016inTianjin,China.In2002,TianjinMedicalUniversityCancerInstituteandHospital,togetherwithTheUniversityof