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简介：Matrixmetalloproteinases(MMPs)andtissueinhibitorsofmetalloproteinases(TIMPs)playasignificantroleinregulatingangiogenesis,theprocessofnewbloodvesselformation.Interstitialcollagenase(MMP-1),72kDagelatinaseA/typeIVcollagenase(MMP-2),and92kDAgelatinaseB/typeIVcollagenase(MMP-9)dissolveextracellularmatrix(ECM)andmayinitiateandpromoteangiogenesis.TIMP-1,TIMP-2,TIMP-3,andpossibly,TIMP-4inhibitneovascularization.Anewparadignisemergingthatmatrilysin(MMP-7),MMP-9,andmetalloelastase(MMP-12)mayblockangiogenesisbyconvertingplasminogentoangiostatin,whichisoneofthemostpotentangiogenesisantagonists.MMPsandTIMPsplayacomplexroleinregulatingangiogenesis.Anunderstandingofthebiochemicalandcellularpathwaysandmechanismsofangiogenesiswillprovideimportantinformationtoallowthecontrolofangiogenesis,e.g.thestimulationofangiogenesisforcoronarycollateralcirculationformation;whiletheinhibitionfortreatingarthritisandcancer.

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简介：在不到10年里自从它的开始，RNA干扰(RNAi)在生物医学的科学上有非凡的影响。RNAi被表明了到影响众多生物并且疾病小径。RNAi技术的开发和采纳是丰富的从基本loss-of-function工具，到药品的目标确认的染色体宽的屏蔽图书馆和治疗学的开发。然而，RNAiis的分子的机制理解远非完全。这简短评论的目的是在阐明加亮关键成就导致RNA的silencing建筑群并且到的生化学机制为这块地构画出主要挑战。

简介：Thehumanfootisaverycomplexstructurecomprisingnumerousbones,muscles,ligamentsandsynovialjoints.Astheonlycomponentincontactwiththeground,thefootcomplexdeliversavarietyofbiomechanicalfunctionsduringhumanlocomotion,e.g.bodysupportandpropulsion,stabilitymaintenanceandimpactabsorption.Theseneedthehumanfoottoberigidanddampedtotransmitgroundreactionforcestotheupperbodyandmaintainbodystability,andalsotobecompliantandresilienttomoderateriskyimpactsandsaveenergy.Howdoesthehumanfootachievetheseapparentconflictingfunctions?Inthisstudy,weproposeaphase-dependenthypothesisfortheoveralllocomotorfunctionsofthehumanfootcomplexbasedonin-vivomeasurementsofhumannaturalgaitandsimulationresultsofamathematicalfootmodel.Wepropsethatfootfunctionsarehighlydependentongaitphase,whichisamajorcharacteristicsofhumanlocomotion.Inearlystancejustafterheelstrike,thefootmainlyworksasashockabsorberbymoderatinghighimpactsusingtheviscouselasticheelpadinbothverticalandhorizontaldirections.Inmid-stancephase(~80%ofstancephase),thefootcomplexcanbeconsideredasaspringyrocker,reservingexternalmechanicalworkusingthefootarchwhilstmovinggroundcontactpointforwardalongacurvedpathtomaintainbodystability.Inlatestanceafterheeloff,thefootcomplexmainlyservesasaforcemodulatorlikeagearbox,modulatingeffectivemechanicaladvantagesofankleplantiflexormusclesusingmetatarsal-phalangealjoints.Asoundunderstandingofhowdiversefunctionsareimplementedinasimplefootsegmentduringhumanlocomotionmightbeusefultogaininsightintotheoverallfootlocomotorfunctionsandhencetofacilitateclinicaldiagnosis,rehabilitationproductdesignandhumanoidrobotdevelopment.

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简介：whiteflyBemisiatabaci(Gennadius)(半翅类：Aleyrodidae)与它的全球分发和广泛的基因差异，现在被知道是超过35神秘种类的建筑群。然而，这种类建筑群的systematics的一个令人满意的决定还有待于被完成。这里，我们设计了实验与mitochondrial细胞色素oxidase的不同层次在种类之中检验繁殖相容性我(mtCOI)分叉。数据表演有mtCOI分叉的那通常认为的种>8%一致地在他们之间展出了完全的繁殖隔离。然而，与在他们之间的4.47%的mtCOI分叉，二通常认为的种，亚洲II9和亚洲II3在另外的方向在他们的十字，和部分繁殖相容性的一个方向展出了近完全的繁殖相容性。和从文学的这个话题上的一些最近的报告，我们的数据显示那，当在mtCOI序列的分叉在大多数clades为种类定界线提供一个有效分子的标记时，更基因的标记和更复杂的分子的发展史将被要求在这完成所有种类的足够的定界线whitefly复杂。当许多尝试被做了在B的基因组之中检验繁殖相容性时。tabaci建筑群，我们的学习代表第一个努力与与他们的基因分叉的考虑被选择的通常认为的种类进行十字路口实验。考虑到新数据，我们讨论最好的策略和协议进行进一步分子的种系发生的分析和十字路口试用，以便在这的种类之中揭示繁殖不兼容的全面模式whitefly复杂。

简介：Disulfidebondsarevitalforproteinfunctions,butlocatingthelinkagesiteshasbeenachallengeinproteinchemistry,especiallywhenthequantityofasampleissmallorthecomplexityishigh.In2015,ourlaboratorydevelopedasensitiveandefficientmethodformappingproteindisulfidebondsfromsimpleorcomplexsamples（LuetaLinNatMethods12：329,2015）.Thismethodisbasedonliquidchromatography-massspectrometry（LC-MS）andapowerfuldataanalysissoftwaretoolnamedpLink.Tofacilitateapplicationofthismethod,wepresentstep-by-stepdisulfidemappingprotocolsforthreetypesofsamples--purifiedproteinsinsolution,proteinsinSDS-PAGEgels,andcomplexproteinmix-turesinsolution.Theminimumamountofproteinrequiredforthismethodcanbeaslowasseveralhundrednanogramsforpurifiedproteins,ortensofmicrogramsforamixtureofhundredsofproteins.Theentireworkflow--fromsamplepreparationtoLC-MSanddataanalysis--isdescribedingreatdetail.Webelievethatthisprotocolcanbeeasilyimplementedinanylaboratorywithaccesstoafast-scanning,high-resolution,andaccurate-massLC-MSsystem.

简介：Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoinvestigatethebiomechanicalfunctionsofthehumanankle-tootcomplexduringthestancephaseofwalking.Thethree-dimensional(3D)gaitmeasurementwasconductedbyusinga3Dinfraredmulti-camerasystemandaforceplatearraytorecordtheGroundReactionForces(GRF)andsegmentalmotionssimultaneously.Theankle-footcomplexwasmodelledasafour-segmentsystem,connectedbythreejoints:talocruraljoint,sub-talarjointandmetatarsophalangealjoint.Thesubject-specificjointorientationsandlocationsweredeterminedusingafunctionaljointmethodbasedontheparticleswarmoptimisationalgorithm.TheGRFmomentarmsandjointmomentsactingaroundthetalocruralandsub-talarjointswerecalculatedovertheentirestancephase.Theestimatedtalocruralandsub-talarjointlocationsshownoticeableobliquity.Thekinematicandkineticresultsstronglysuggestthatthehumanankle-footcomplexworksasamechanicalmechanismwithtwodifferentconfigurationsinstancephaseofwalking.TheseleadtoasignificantdecreaseintheGRFmomentarmstherebyincreasingtheeffectivemechanicaladvantagesoftheankleplantarflexormuscles.Thisreconfigurablemechanismenhancesmuscleeffectivenessduringlocomotionbymodulatingthegearratiooftheankleplantarflexormusclesinstance.Thisstudyalsorevealsmanyfactorsmaycontributetothelocomotorfunctionofthehumanankle-footcomplex,whichincludenotonlyitsre-configurablestructure,butalsoitsobliquelyarrangedjoints,thecharacteristicheel-to-toeCentreofPressure(COP)motionandalsothemediallyactingGRFpattern.Althoughthehumanankle-footstructureisimmenselycomplex,itseemsthatitsconfigurationandeachconstitutivecomponentarewelltunedtomaximiselocomotorefficiencyandalsotominimiseriskofinjury.Thisresultwouldadvanceourunderstandingofthelocomotorfunctionoftheankle-footcomplex,andalsotheintrinsicdesignoftheankle-footmusculoskeletalstructure.Moreover,this

简介：微生物引起的共生者是到喂韧皮部的昆虫的必要或重要的搭挡。抗菌素被用来有选择地从他们的主机昆虫消除共生者并且为调查共生者的函数建立主机线与或没有某些共生者。在这研究，用抗菌素rifampicin，我们试图有选择地Bemisiatabaci种类建筑群whitefly从中间的东亚未成年者1的一张人口消除某些共生者，它怀有主要共生者“CandidatusPortieraaleyrodidarum”并且二第二等的共生者“CandidatusHamiltonelladefensa”并且立克次休属微生物。既不主要第二等的共生者也完全没在在在1-100μg/mL的集中与rifampicin对待的节食为48h喂了的成年人(F0)被弄空。然而，两个都，主要、第二等的共生者将近完全在对待rifampicin的成年人的后代(F1)被弄空。尽管F1成年人生产了一些鸡蛋(F2)，大多数没有通过到他们的开口和没有的鸡蛋到达了第二中间形态，并且因而对待rifampicinwhitefly，殖民地消失在F2产生。有趣地，量的聚合酶链反应试金证明在对待rifampicin的whiteflies，主要共生者的密度比第二等的共生者以显然更慢的步被减少。当女性被抗菌素对待时，交配在对待rifampicin、未经治疗的成年人之间的实验证明主人健康上的rifampicin的否定效果被表示，并且男性们是否被抗菌素对待，有小贡献到否定效果。这些观察whitefly与这显示那它不是的人口可行为试验性的研究排队没有影响主要共生者，有选择地用rifampicin消除第二等的共生者并且建立主人。然而，扑灭whitefly，在在rifampicin处理以后的第二代的殖民地作为一个控制代理人显示抗菌素的潜力whitefly害虫。