简介：Asmostgenesequencesandfunctionalstructuresofinternalorgansinratshavebeenwellstudied,ratmodelsarcwidelyusedinexperimentalmedicalstudies.Alargenumberofdescriptionsandatlasoftherattemporalbonehavebeenpublished,butsomedetailedanatomyofitssurfaceandinsidestructuresremainstobestudied.Byfocusingonsomeuniquecharacteristicsoftherattemporalbone,thecurrentpaperaimstoprovidemoreaccurateanddetailedinformationonrattemporalboneanatomyinanattempttocompletemissingorunclearareasintheexistedknowledge.Wealsohopethispapercanlayasolidfoundationforexperimentalrattemporalbonesurgeries,andpromoteinformationexchangeamongcolleagues,aswellasprovidingusefulguidancefornoviceresearchersinthefieldofhearingresearchinvolvingrats.

简介：对学习客观解剖并且cadaveric前臂的interosseous膜(马恩岛)的biomechanical特征。十radius-IOM-ulna结构从新鲜结冰死尸被收获测量马恩岛的腱的部分的长度，宽度和厚度的方法。然后，腱的部分与腱在测量以后属于的尺骨、光线的结束一起被孤立。半径的近似部分和尺骨的远侧的部分在牙齿的基础丙烯酸的树脂粉末被嵌入并且修理。嵌入的标本被MTS为全部张力的测试用10000N负担房间夹钳并且修理858测试机器。马恩岛以50mm/min的速度被拉长直到它被破裂。负担排水量曲线与一台计算机和最大的负担被描绘，僵硬同时被记录。结果前臂的马恩岛由三部分组成：中央腱的织物，膜的织物和背面的隶属于的倾斜的绳索。马恩岛在一个中立位置被拉长，并且在内转和旋后位置弯曲。当最大的负担的点到达了N到1021.50时，马恩岛的腱的部分在6个标本被撕碎吗？

简介：对学习客观解剖并且biomechanical骶的小花梗和侧面的质量展示以便为骶的小花梗和侧面的质量的临床的螺丝钉固定技术提供参考。60成年病人骶骨和尾臀骨的螺线CT图象全部的方法A随机被选择。骶的小花梗和侧面的集体螺丝钉的入口点被决定，并且螺丝钉轨道用三个维的重建方法被测量。同时，粗野解剖在15个成年死尸标本被细看决定骶的小花梗和侧面的质量拧紧入口点。骶的小花梗和侧面的集体螺丝钉轨道的长度，宽度和角度被测量。15个死尸标本中的八个被选择测试骶的小花梗和侧面的集体螺丝钉的最大的抽取力量。小花梗和侧面的集体螺丝钉技术对待的15个盒子的临床的数据镇定、分析。结果S1-S5骶的小花梗和侧面的集体螺丝钉轨道的直径和长度是常规的，与大约20?牧潯敶吗？

简介：Objective:Toprovidedetailedinformationofcoronamortisforilioinguinalapproachasananteriorapproachtotheacetabulumandpelvis.Methods:Thecourse,branchesanddistributionofthevascularconnectionbetweentheobturatorsystemandtheexternaliliacorinferiorepigastricsystemslocatedoverthesuperiorpubicramuswereobservedon50hemipelviseswithintactsofttissues.Results:Duringthedissections,72%ofthecadavericsideshadatleastonecommunicatingvesselbetweentheobturatorsystemandtheexternaliliacorinferiorepigastricsystemsonthesuperiorpubicramus.Theaveragediameteroftheconnectingvesselwas2.6mm(range,2.0-4.2mm).Itcoursedoverthesuperiorpubicramusoriliopubiceminenceverticallytoentertheobturatorforamenandexitthepelvis.Theaveragedistancefrompubicsymphysistothevascularconnectionsbetweentheobturatorandexternaliliacsystemswas52mm(range,38-68mm).Conclusions:Vascularconnectionsbetweentheobturatorsystemandtheexternaliliacorinferiorepigastricsystemswerefoundoverthesuperiorpubicramuswithahighincidence.Theyarepronetodamageduringtheilioinguinalapproachasananteriorapproachtotheacetabulumandpelvis.Thus,coronamortislocatedoverthesuperiorpubicramusdeservesgreatattentionduringtheilioinguinalapproach.

简介：AbstractProximal tibiofibular instability is a rare condition for which treatment is poorly codified. A 21-year-old patient, a leisure sportswoman, presented a post-traumatic anterolateral instability of the proximal tibiofibular articulation without cartilage lesion. We propose an original surgical technique based on a review of the literature that combines an anatomical ligamentoplasty of the proximal tibiofibular joint and a proximal fibular diaphyseal osteotomy to reduce the distal tibiofibular mechanical stresses. This original technique allows a favorable evolution with recovery of professional and sports activities at 6 months.

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简介：AbstractBackground:Mallet fracture is avulsion of the terminal extensor tendon from the base of the distal phalangeal bone with a bony fragment. This study was performed to evaluate the anatomical characteristics of mallet fractures, investigate a new mallet fracture classification system using anatomical and imaging methods, and discuss the treatment schemes for different types of mallet fracture.Methods:Sixty-four fresh cadaveric fingers were divided into four groups, and models of different types of mallet fracture with distal interphalangeal joint instability were established by dissecting 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the bilateral collateral ligaments. The effect of mallet fractures on the stability of the distal interphalangeal joint was then observed. The lateral radiographs of mallet fractures in 168 patients were analyzed and classified according to the involvement of the joint surface in the fracture, the thickness of fracture, the untreated time after injury, and the complication of distal interphalangeal joint palmar subluxation. Forty-seven patients were surgically treated by reconstruction of extensor tendon insertion, the Ishiguro method, or single Kirschner wire fixation.Results:The established mallet fracture model showed that the distal interphalangeal joint was stable when the bilateral collateral ligaments were cut off by 25% (t= -0.415, P = 0.684) and significantly unstable when this range was ≥50% (50% transection: t= -6.363, P < 0.001; 75% transection: t= -17.036, P < 0.001; 100% transection: t = -30.977, P < 0.001, respectively). The mallet fractures were divided into Types I, II, and III (fracture involving <20%, 20%-50%, and >50% of the joint surface, respectively). Type II was further divided into Types IIa and IIb according to whether the course of injury was < or ≥2 weeks, respectively. The mean post-operative flexion of the distal interphalangeal joint was 63.4° ± 7.9°, and the mean extension lag was 6.7°± 4.6°.Conclusions:The lateral collateral ligament is the main factor that maintains the stability of the distal interphalangeal joint. Classification that combines the involvement of the joint surface in the fracture, the thickness of the fracture, and the untreated time after injury is reasonable and will help to choose an appropriate operational method.

简介：BackgroundManypatientshavesymptomssuggestiveofcoronaryarterydisease(CAD)andareoftenevaluatedwiththeuseofdiagnostictesting,althoughtherearelimiteddatafromrandomizedtrialstoguidecare.MethodsWerandomlyassigned10,003symptomaticpatientstoastrategyofinitialanatomicaltestingwiththeuseofcoronarycomputedtomographicangiography(CTA)ortofunctionaltesting(exerciseelectrocardiography,nuclearstresstesting,orstressechocardiography).Thecompositeprimaryendpointwasdeath,myocardialinfarction,hospitalizationforunstableangina,ormajorproceduralcomplication.SecondaryendpointsincludedinvasivecardiaccatheterizationthatdidnotshowobstructiveCADandradiationexposure.ResultsThemeanageofthepatientswas60.8±8.3years,52.7%werewomen,and87.7%hadchestpainordyspneaonexertion.ThemeanpretestlikelihoodofobstructiveCADwas53.3±21.4%.Overamedianfollow-upperiodof25months,aprimaryend-pointeventoccurredin164of4996patientsintheCTAgroup(3.3%)andin151of5007(3.0%)inthefunctional-testinggroup(adjustedhazardratio,1.04;95%confidenceinterval,0.83to1.29;P=0.75).CTAwasassociatedwithfewercatheterizationsshowingnoobstructiveCADthanwasfunctionaltesting(3.4%vs.4.3%,P=0.02),althoughmorepatientsintheCTAgroupunderwentcatheterizationwithin90daysafterrandomization(12.2%vs.8.1%).ThemediancumulativeradiationexposureperpatientwaslowerintheCTAgroupthaninthefunctional-testinggroup(10.0mSvvs.11.3mSv),but32.6%ofthepatientsinthefunctional-testinggrouphadnoexposure,sotheoverallexposurewashigherintheCTAgroup(mean,12.0mSvvs.10.1mSv;P<0.001).ConclusionsInsymptomaticpatientswithsuspectedCADwhorequirednoninvasivetesting,astrategyofinitialCTA,ascomparedwithfunctionaltesting,didnotimproveclinicaloutcomesoveramedianfollow-upof2years.

简介：客观；为了学习结构的相关解剖特征，在transoral包含了atlanto轴的减小板(TARP)通过为对待无法缩减的atlanto轴的脱臼并且为TARP的临床的申请提供解剖基础的transoral途径的内部固定。方法：十个新鲜craniocervical标本通过手术是微的由通过transoral的层的把的层途径。以后的咽头的墙，脊椎的动脉的功课，地图集和轴的邻近的结构的解剖关系，和为TARP内部固定的密切相关的解剖参数的层化是measured.Results：以后的咽头的墙由二层和二间隙星际组成了：mucosa，prevertebral扁带，制动火箭咽头的空间，和prevertebral空间。从到C_3的孔大酒瓶的前面的边的范围能被这条途径暴露。以后的咽头的墙的厚度是(3.6±0.3)在C1的前面的小块茎的公里(变化2.9-4.3公里)，(6.1±0.4)在C_1的侧面的团的公里(变化5.2-7.1公里)并且(5.5±0.4)在C_2的中央部分的公里(变化4.3-6.5公里)分别地。到前面的小块茎ofC_1，C_1螺丝钉入口点，和C_2螺丝钉入口点的从门牙牙齿的距离是(82。5±7。8)公里(变化71。4-96。2mm)，(90。1±3。8)公里(变化82.2-96。3公里)，并且(89。0±4。1)公里(变化81。3-95.3mm)分别地。在在地图集和中线的脊椎的动脉之间的距离是(25。2±2.3)公里(变化20.4-29。7公里)并且那在在轴和中线的脊椎的动脉之间是(18。4±2.6)公里(变化13.1-23.0公里)。为暴露的地图集和轴的允许的宽度是(39。4±2。2)公里(变化36。242。7公里)并且(39.0±2.1)公里(ranging35.842.3公里)分别地。在二个地图集螺丝钉插入点(C_1侧面的质量的前面的方面的中心)之间的距离(a)是(31.4±3.3)公里(变化25.4-36.6公里)。在连接连接twoC_2螺丝钉入口的二个C_1螺丝钉入口点和那的线之间的垂直距离(b)指(在vertebrae的中央部分，也就是对中线ofC_2vertebr

简介：可勃起的反应被雄激素集中地并且外围地调整。进雄激素的行动的机制的原来的卓见是雄激素特别地在性欲上施加效果并且响应性爱刺激的勃起是相对雄激素无关的。在男人的性函数在睾丸激素的引用值的低结束要求了雄激素层次，这被显示出。那么看起来睾丸激素不是为有可勃起的困难的男人的有用处理，特别地跟随磷酸二酯酶类型的来临5(PDE5)禁止者。然而，与PDE5禁止者对待的约50%那些中止他们的处理。很多最近的开发在使人变老在可勃起的机能障碍(编辑)的睾丸激素处理上打开新灯。(1)最近的卓见是与更年轻的男人相对照，老男人可能为正常性工作要求睾丸激素的高水平。(2)几研究显示了PDE5禁止者不总是是足够的在男人恢复可勃起的力量，并且那睾丸激素更加改进therapeutical反应到PDE5禁止者。(3)正在种睾丸激素有的卓见阴茎的纸巾上的深刻效果在勃起和那睾丸激素缺乏的机制包含了损害可勃起的能力的解剖、生理的底层，在雄激素代替之上可逆。PDE5的合成起来由雄激素调整了，并且进阴茎的动脉的流入被给雄激素改进。上面邀请把睾丸激素给与编辑使人变老的优点的复试PDE5禁止者的有益的效果可以最佳地仅仅在eugonadal环境被表示。

简介：Objective::Toexplorethevalueofacombinedcomputedtomography(CT)andmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)inevaluatingprofoundsensorineuraldeafnesspatientsbeforecochlearimplant(CI)surgery.Methods:Aretrospectiveanalysisof1012casesofprofoundsensorineuraldeafnessthatreceivedCIwasperformed.Results:Atotalof96caseswerediagnosedwithinnerearabnormalitiesincludinglargevestibularaqueductsyndrome(LVAS,n?61),Micheldeformity(n?3),cochlearincompletepartitionI(n?2),cochlearincompletepartitionII(n?6),cochlearhypoplasiawithvestibularmalformation(n?3),cochlearossification(n?3),bilateralinternalauditorycanalobstruction(n?5)andinternalauditorycanalstenosis(n?2).Conclusion:HighresolutionCT(HRCT)candisplaybonystructureswhileMRIcanimagethemembranouslabyrinthinpreoperativeevaluationforcochlearimplantation.Thecombinationofthesetwomodalitiesprovidesreliableanatomicalinformationregardingthebonyandmembranouslabyrinths,aswellastheauditorynerve.

简介：Inordertobetterunderstandthereasonswhyeucalyptveneercheckseasilyandseverely,woodsamplesofthreeeucalyptspecieswereselected,andtheiranatomicalandphysicalpropertieswereexaminedaccordingtoconventionalmethodsandthenationalstandards.Theeffectsofvariancesincellwallthicknessofwoodfibreandvessel,anddiameterofthecelllumenaswellasthetissueratioonthequalityofplywoodveneerwereanalysed.Theresultsshowthat:1)ThereisagreatdifferenceinfibrecellwallthicknessanddiameterofthecelllumenbetweenearlywoodandlatewoodofEucalyptusdelegatensis.2)E.obliquahasahighwoodfibretissueratioandthethickestfibrecellwall,butthedifferenceinthefibrecellwallthicknessbetweenearlywoodandlatewoodisthesmallest.3)ThewoodfibretissueratioofE.regnansissmallerthanthatofE.obliqua,anditswoodfibrecellwallisthethinnestandthereisonlyaverysmalldifferenceinfibrecellwallthicknessbetweenearlywoodandlatewood.Thedifferenceinthediameterofwoodfibrecelllumenamongearlywood,transitionareaandlatewoodisalsosmall.4)E.delegatensishasthehighesttangentialshrinkagerateandradial-tangentialshrinkagerate,andE.obliquahasthelowest.Itisthevariabilityofwoodanatomicalpropertiesofthesespeciesthatcausethedifferenceintheveneershrinkage,andthenaffectsplywoodveneerquality.

简介：Asanewlycurrentadvancedanalysistechnology,thenear-infrared(NIR)spectroscopypossessesadvantagesofeasyoperation,fastandaccuratedetection,lowcostandnon-destructivetest,hasbeenwidelyusedinthefieldsincludingpulpmanufacturingandpaper-making,woodpropertiesestimation,woodprogressing,woodcompositesproducingandwoodprotection.Inpresentwork,basedonintroductionofthebasicprinciplesofNIRanditsmaincharacteristics,anoverviewwasconductedfocusingontheresearchstatusofwoodanatomicalcharacteristics(includingcellulosecrystallinity,microfibrilangleandfibermorphology)estimationbyusingNIRspectroscopy.Moreover,theapplicationtrendswereprospected.

简介：AbstractPurpose:To compare the stability of the posterior anatomic self-locking plate (PASP) with two types of popular reconstruction plate fixation, i.e. double reconstruction plate (DRP) and cross reconstruction plate (CRP), and to explore the influence of sitting and turning right/left on implants.Methods:PASP, DRP and CRP were assembled on a finite element model of both-column fractures of the left acetabulum. A load of 600 N and a torque of 8 N·m were loaded on the S1 vertebral body to detect the change of stress and displacement when sitting and turning right/left.Results:The peak stress and displacement of the three kinds of fixation methods under all loading conditions were CRP > DRP > PASP. The peak stress and displacement of PASP are 313.5 MPa and 1.15 mm respectively when turning right; and the minimal was 234.0 Mpa and 0.619 mm when turning left.Conclusion:PASP can provide higher stability than DRP and CRP for both-column acetabular fractures. The rational movement after posterior DRP and PASP fixation for acetabular fracture is to turn to the ipsilateral side, which can avoid implant failure.

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简介：Acomprehensiveanalysisonthevariationpatternofearly-andlatewoodtracheidmorphologicalparametersalongtree(CunninghamialanceolataHook.)height,includinglengthandwidth,wallthickness,tissueproportion,cellwallpercentage,widthofgrowthrings,andontherelationshipamongthemareconducted.Theresultsindicateaninitiallyrapidandthengentleincreaseoftracheidlengthandwidth,thicknessoftheradialwallandtangentialwalloftracheid,areapercentageoftracheidfrompi...

简介：AbstractBipolar clavicular dislocation is rare, and therefore its management is contentious. With an increase of patient’s physical demand and a near-normal shoulder function, there has been a shift in the paradigm of its management from a conservative one to a stabilized one of anatomical open reduction. Proposed methods of fixation have also evolved with the advent of more biological fixation devices, which elude implant or fixation related complications. This case report highlights the salient features of this rare case and details the management options along with the benefits of biological anatomical repair and reconstruction.

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简介：AIMTo调查经历了intravitrealranibizumabmonotherapy对待neovascular的病人的长期的视觉、解剖的结果年龄相关的有斑点的退化(AMD)并且为经历了ranibizumabmonotherapy因为neovascularAMD在这回顾的study.RESULTSThe一般水准病人年龄被包括的74个病人的74只眼睛的至少2y.METHODSA总数跟随起来是72.1

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