综述:CA-9与恶性肿瘤的研究进展

(整期优先)网络出版时间:2024-02-28
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综述:CA-9与恶性肿瘤的研究进展

罗煜12            蒋丽2(通讯作者)

 1.巴中市中心医院呼吸与危重症学科  2.川北医学院临床医学院

摘要碳酸酐酶-9(CA-9)是碳酸酐酶家族成员之一,由CA-9基因编码,属于跨膜二聚体金属酶,是内源性缺氧标记物。研究表明CA-9在口腔癌、宫颈癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌等不同肿瘤中表达上调,参与肿瘤增殖、转移和血管生成等生物学过程,是一种潜在的肿瘤生物学标志物。本文就CA-9 在恶性肿瘤中的相关研究进展予以综述。

关键词CA-9;恶性肿瘤;增殖;转移

Research progress of CA-9 in malignant tumors

Abstract: Carbonic anhydrase-9(CA-9) is a member of carbonic anhydrase family, encoded by CA-9 gene. It belongs to transmembrane dimer metalloenzyme and is an endogenous hypoxia marker. Studies have shown that CA-9 is up-regulated in oral cancer,  cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer and other different tumors, and participates in tumor proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis. It is a potential tumor biomarker. This article reviews the research progress of CA-9 in malignant tumors.

Key words: CA-9; malignant tumor; proliferation; metastasis

机体在各种致癌因素作用下,局部组织细胞在基因水平上失去对其生长的正常调控,导致其克隆性异常增生而形成新生物,即恶性肿瘤。通常认为肿瘤的发生与基因突变、染色体异位、细胞周期失调、细胞增殖失控等因素相关。肿瘤增殖失控、持续转移、侵袭导致肿瘤无限生长,其中肿瘤转移涉及重塑局部肿瘤微环境(Tumor microenvironment, TME) [1],随后肿瘤细胞侵入血液或淋巴液、在循环中生存、外渗以及在新的微环境中生长,最终影响患者生命。低氧在肿瘤微环境中起重要作用,通过激活编码参与低氧应激适应的蛋白质基因而显著影响肿瘤细胞的行为,且选择性针对糖酵解活性增强细胞产生大量乳酸,低氧与肿瘤进展、治疗结果和疾病预后的显著相关性,引起广泛关注。肿瘤生长需要充足的氧气和营养物质供应,快速肿瘤生长伴随局部血管系统无法向快速分裂的肿瘤细胞提供足够的氧气和营养物质而导致肿瘤细胞微环境改变,肿瘤缺氧后肿瘤细胞将产生低氧诱导因子- 1(Hypoxic inducible factor-1, HIF-1),而HIF-1是肿瘤细胞在低氧条件下适应和存活的关键调节因子[2],且HIF-1与氧浓度成反比。碳酸酐酶-9 (Carbonic Anhydrase-9, CA-9)是碳酸酐酶家族成员之一,缺氧可诱导CA-9及其上游分子HIF-1表达增加,作为内源性缺氧标记物,CA-9是多种癌症的药物治疗靶点[3,4]肿瘤对放疗、化疗相关抵抗可通过减少肿瘤区域的氧合实现。低氧激活相关基因影响肿瘤微环境,与肿瘤生长、增殖、迁移、凋亡及细胞耐药有关。CA-9催化二氧化碳水化为碳酸氢盐和质子,促进肿瘤环境酸化,导致肿瘤获得转移表型并参与调节化疗耐药[2,5]。维持体内酸碱稳态是细胞正常生理、代谢和发育所必需,激活NF-κB可抑制CA-9的表达,诱导细胞碱化。数据分析发现肿瘤患者CA-9 mRNA或蛋白水平表达升高与生存时间呈负相关[6]。研究[7-10]表明CA-9在口腔癌、宫颈癌、胰腺癌、前列腺癌中表达上调,与肿瘤细胞增殖、侵袭、转移及预后密切相关,可能是一种潜在的肿瘤生物标志物,本文就CA-9与恶性肿瘤的研究进展予以综述。

1. CA-9的蛋白构型

碳酸酐酶细胞质尾部包含三个可被磷酸化的残基(Thr-443、Ser-448和Tyr-449),参与信号转导[11]。磷酸化Tyr-449可与蛋白激酶B相互作用,影响细胞葡萄糖代谢[12]。其家族成员之一CA-9是一种具有细胞外活性位点的跨膜糖蛋白。CA-9蛋白由459个氨基酸组成,分子量约49kDa,包括四个结构区:N-末端信号肽(SP)、细胞内C-末端(IC)、跨膜区及细胞外区,其中细胞外区含碳酸酐酶区(CA)和蛋白多糖区(PA)两部分,而CA区位于细胞膜上,有利于与相应受体结合以完成细胞内信号通路的传导。目前CA-9被视为细胞特异性肿瘤相关蛋白,可作为肿瘤靶向治疗的靶点

[12]

2. CA-9的生物学功能

CA隶属于锌金属酶大家族,催化二氧化碳和水与碳酸离解离子间的相互转化,参与呼吸、钙化、酸碱平衡、骨吸收及房水、脑脊液、唾液和胃酸形成等多种生理过程。CA-9在人体正常组织器官中基本不表达,仅在胰腺、胃肠及输精管上皮等组织中偶有表达[13]CA-9CA-2结合,增加碳酸氢盐转运,最大限度提高胃壁细胞酸分泌率[14]CA-9在肿瘤酸化中具有重要作用,具备高催化活性和高效转移氢离子[15]。该酶将肿瘤外的二氧化碳转化为碳酸氢盐和氢离子,调节细胞质的pH值促进细胞外酸中毒和肿瘤生长[16]

3. CA-9与恶性肿瘤

3.1  CA-9与肝癌

肝细胞癌(Hepatocellular Carcinoma, HCC)是全球常见的恶性肿瘤。占我国肿瘤发病率的五分之一[17]。过去几十年,HCC的治疗取得持续进展,包括手术切除、放疗、化疗和肝移植,但肿瘤高复发率、疾病易进展,5年生存率低于30%[18]。Gu等[19]研究发现在肝细胞癌组织中,CA-9过表达与导管内生长型肿瘤相关,且CA-9表达上调与肿瘤组织分化程度、患者总生存期呈正相关,淋巴结转移是其预后不良的独立影响因素。既往文献[20]报道HCC患者血清中位CA-9浓度为370 pg/ml,显著高于正常人。晚期癌症患者CA-9水平显著升高,CA-9>400 pg/ml患者死亡风险增高,可作为评估患者预后的相关指标。一项临床前实验研究显示二甲双胍在肝癌中具有抗肿瘤作用,可诱导缺氧和减少血管生成,离体肿瘤切片中CA-9表达增加[21]

3.2  CA-9与肾癌

肾细胞癌(Renal-Cell Carcinoma, RCC)是起源于肾小管上皮的恶性肿瘤,占肾脏恶性肿瘤的80%-90%,最常见的RCC组织类型为透明细胞癌。RCC发病率约占成人恶性肿瘤的2%~3%,全球RCC发病率居恶性肿瘤第14位,死亡率居第15位[22]。CA-9是一种ph调节跨膜蛋白,在实体瘤尤其是透明细胞肾细胞癌(Clear cell renal cell carcinoma, ccRCC)中高表达[23]。Xu等[24]证实CA-9在ccRCC中mRNA表达明显高于癌旁组织。敲除CA-9可上调氧化磷酸化相关蛋白,增加线粒体生物发生,导致Warburg表型逆转和细胞生长抑制,同时可上调线粒体精氨酸酶2(Mitochondrial Arginase 2, ARG2),导致腐胺积累,抑制ccRCC增殖,并参与肿瘤细胞迁移,可能是ccRCC治疗的潜在靶点。Gigante等[25]发现在ccRCC中,血清CA-9水平表达上调,与患者总生存期呈负相关,可预测患者预后。文献报道[26]内淋巴囊肿瘤是一种起源于淋巴囊上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤,肿瘤细胞免疫表达CA-9。免疫组织化学研究[27]表明透明细胞乳头状肾细胞癌高表达CA- 9,可用于鉴别RCC的类型。分子标记物可预测肿瘤生物学行为,研究[28]发现CA-9可作为肾癌患者的独立预测因子,预测患者预后。

3.3  CA-9与乳腺癌

乳腺癌于全球恶性肿瘤中发病率位居第一,其中转移性乳腺癌5年生存率仍低。Güttler等[29]发现CA-9在乳腺癌中过表达,参与肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭和凋亡,与放疗后患者低生存率相关。研究[30]报道CA-9在肿瘤周围间质细胞中的表达与乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移、侵袭相关,推测CA-9可作为评估病情的预测指标,参与肿瘤的发生发展。Aomatsu等[31]研究结果表明在乳腺癌中敲低CA-9可增加化疗敏感性,改善患者无病生存期。研究[32]发现HIF-2α、CA-9与CA-12是乳腺癌的重要缺氧反应元件,HIF-2α通过c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase, JNK)信号通路参与缺氧条件下乳腺癌细胞的转移和侵袭。文献报道[33]HER-2基因扩增和肿瘤缺氧标志物 CA-9的表达呈负相关,表明HER-2扩增的乳腺癌血管生成量增加,缺氧量减少。

3.4  CA-9与卵巢癌

卵巢癌发病率居妇科恶性肿瘤第3位,是致死率较高的女性肿瘤杀手,尽管手术、放化疗技术有所提高,其5年生存率仅40%。多数患者就诊时肿瘤已于腹腔内广泛播散。目前仅有研究[34]表明卵巢癌中CA-9和VEGF表达升高,与化疗耐药性增加和总生存期差显著相关,可能是卵巢癌联合靶向治疗的潜在标记物。遗憾的是,关于CA-9与卵巢癌的关系鲜有报道,值得我们进一步探索。

3.5  CA-9与肺癌

肺癌起源于支气管黏膜或腺体的恶性肿瘤[35]根据世界卫生组织GLOBOCAN 2020数据显示肺癌新增病例约220万例,占新增癌症总病例的11.4%,死亡病例约180万例,占癌症死亡病例的18.0%,远超其它癌症类型,位居癌症死亡人数第一[22]。由于人口老龄化、工业化、城市化进程加剧,生活方式转变等原因,肺癌发病率和死亡率不断上升,且逐渐趋于年轻化,严重威胁人类生命健康,并给社会和经济发展带来

沉重负担[36]Giatromanolaki[37]FOX蛋白家族成员FOXP3,可在癌症中过度调节T细胞活性,调节免疫系统破坏肿瘤细胞,肺癌肿瘤间质中CA-9表达与FOXP3调节性T细胞丰度显著相关,推测CA-9可为增强免疫治疗疗效靶点提供了基础。CA-9在肺癌发生发展中有潜在致癌作用,但其介导的途径及作用机制尚不明确,未来需要进一步的研究阐明。

4. 讨论

肿瘤的发生、发展是多因素、多步骤、多基因参与的复杂过程。尽管原发肿瘤的诊治已取得显著进步,但肿瘤转移早、高复发率仍是患者死亡的主要原因,进一步探索与肿瘤发生、发展相关的生物标志物具有重要意义。本文就CA-9的结构、功能及其与恶性肿瘤的关系予以综述。相关研究发现CA-9参与肺癌、卵巢癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、肾癌等不同恶性肿瘤发生、发展,参与肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移、侵袭、凋亡及化疗耐药等生物学过程,此外,CA-9食管癌、鼻咽癌、甲状腺癌中的表达水平、与临床病理特征的关系及发病机制如何尚无相关报道,深入研究CA-9功能、机理及其与肿瘤的关系将为不同肿瘤的防治提供新的干预和治疗靶标,推动恶性肿瘤的个体化治疗迈向崭新时代。


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