简介：AbstractBackground:Recent studies using mass drug administration (MDA) of antibiotics to entire communities have focused global attention on the unique ethical challenges of MDA of antibiotics in research and public health interventions. However, there is no specific guidance for Research Ethics Committees (RECs) or Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review such trials. We surveyed the literature to identify the unique ethical challenges and to strengthen the competencies of RECs or IRBs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in their ethical reviews of these trials.Methods:We employed a desk review. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, combining terms for "mass drug administration" with terms for "research ethics committees," "institutional review boards," and "ethics." We reviewed citations of search results to retrieve additional articles. Only articles published and indexed in the above databases up to 6 January 2022 in English were included. Abstracts (without full articles), books and articles that had exclusive veterinary and environmental focus were excluded. We synthesized the literature to identify particularly challenging ethical issues relevant to antibacterial MDA trials in LMICs.Results:The most challenging ethical issues can be categorised into four broad domains: determining the social value of MDA, assessing risks and benefits, engaging all stakeholders meaningfully, and study design-related ethical challenges. These four domains interact and impact each other. Together, they reveal the need for RECs/IRBs to review MDA studies through a broader lens than that of clinical trials per se. From our findings, we propose a framework to guide the RECs and IRBs in LMICs to perform the initial and continuing review of antibiotic MDA trials. We also recommend strengthening the competencies of LMIC RECs or IRBs through ongoing training and collaboration with RECs or IRBs from high-income countries.Conclusions:REC/IRB review of research using MDA of antibiotics plays a critical role in assuring the ethical conduct of MDA studies. Local RECs/IRBs should be empowered to review MDA studies comprehensively and competently in order to advance scientific knowledge about MDA and promote improved global health.

简介：目的：观察针药并用治疗非特异性急性腰扭伤的临床疗效。方法：将69例患者按就诊川页序随机分为针药并用组、针刺组和药物组。针刺组24例，采用针刺治疗，每日1次，共治疗5次；药物组20例，采用口服双氯芬酸钠治疗，50mg每次，每日2次，连服5日；针药并用纽25例采用与针刺组、药物组相同的针刺和药物治疗。以疼痛量表和下腰痛量表评价临床疗效。结果：三组患者治疗后在疼痛，活动度方面均有一定改善，但针药并用组疗效最佳，与针刺组、药物组比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；针刺组与药物组比较，差异无统计学意义。结论：针药并用治疗急性腰扭伤疗效优于单纯针刺治疗或常规剂量双氯芬酸钠治疗。

简介：FollowingisaninterviewgivenbyShaoMingli,director-generalofChina'sStateFoodandDrugAdministrationtoourreporteronwhatisbeingdonetoensurefoodanddrugsafetyinChina.Aseverybodyknows,foodanddrugsafetyisvitaltopeople'slives.

简介：Weinvestigatetheinteractionbetweenapositivemassandanegativeeffectivemassthroughathreemasschainconnectedwithelasticsprings,apairofmassesisdesignedtohaveaneffectivenegativemass,anditinteractswiththethirdpositiveoneasifanequivalenttwo-masschain.Thedynamicsoftheequivalenttwo-masschainshowsthatthetwobodiesmaybeself-acceleratedinsamedirectionwhentheeffectivemassbecomesnegative,theexperimentisalsoconductedtodemonstratethistypeofmotion.Wefurthershowthattheenergyprinciple(Hamilton’sprinciple)isapplicableiftheenergyofthenegativemassunitisproperlycharacterized.Theresultmayberelevanttocompositewithcellsofeffectivenegativemass,theirinteractionwithmatrixmayleadtomorericherunexpectedmacroscopicresponses.

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简介：TheNationalLandSurveyofFinlandisresponsibleforagreatnumberoftasks,suchasmaintainingthecadastre,registeringownershiprights,topographicsurveyingatthenationallevelaswellasscientificresearchinthespatialdatafield.TheMinistryofAgricultureandForestryleadsFinnishlandpolicyandtheNationalLandSurveyisoneofthepartiesthatimplementthepolicy.TheLandInformationSystemmaintainedbytheNationalLandSurveyisapartoftheFinnishsystemofbasicregisters,whichincludesseveralotherparties.Throughscientificresearchitispossibletoevaluatetheinformationneedsofanincreasinglydigitalsocietyforexample,theCadastre2035researchprojectisinvestigatingthechangingexpectationsofcustomers.

简介：Inthecomingfouryears,theMiddleEastwillcontinuetobethestrategicfocusoftheUnitedStates.Itcanbeseeninananalysisoftherecentyears'situationthattheBushadministrationratherchoseawarintheMiddleEasttoachieveitsstrategicgoalsthanusednon-militarymeasurestodothesamething.InthefuturetheBushadministrationmightfinditdifficulttodrawbackfromitspolicyontheMiddleEast,whichwillmeanmorelossesthangains.ThiswillprobablycontinuetocausedamagetoboththesoftandhardpoweroftheU.S.,andresultinadownwardtrendoftheU.S.powerforacertainperiodoftime.

简介：Purpose:Theaimofthisstudywastoanalyzeandcomparetheeffectsofdifferentsports(swimming,football,basketball,andhandball)onfatmassandleanmassinprepubertalandpubertalgirls.Methods:Twohundredgirls(10.6±1.5yearsold,TannerstagesI–III)participatedinthestudyandweredividedinto5groups:40swimmers,40footballplayers,40basketballplayers,40handballplayers,and40controls.Fatandleanmassesatwholebody,arms,trunk,andlegsweremeasuredusingdual-energyX-rayabsorptiometry(DXA).PubertalstatuswasdeterminedusingTannertest.Effectsofdifferentsportsonfatandleanmasseswereassessedthroughanalysisofcovariancewithheightascovariates.Analyseswereperformedseparatelyin2groupsdependingontheTannerstage(prepubertalandpubertal).Results:Thegirlsofthecontrolgrouphadlessleanmassandmorefatmasscomparedtothegirlswhoplaysports(p<0.05).Thereweredifferencesinbodyfatbetweensports.Theswimmersandfootballplayershadlessbodyfat(p<0.05).Ontheotherhand,handballplayersshowedthehighestvaluesinleanmass(p<0.05).Conclusion:Impactsports(football,basketball,andhandball)andlow-impactsports(swimming)provideanappropriatedevelopmentofleanmassingrowinggirls.Wecanconcludethatpeoplepracticingsportsatearlyagesensurealowerfatmassandhigherleanmasscomparedtothosewhodonotpractice.Theseresultsmaybeusefulasapreventivemethodofadultobesity.

简介：TheobjectiveofthisstudyistoexploreapotentiallyeffectivetrainingmethodforthehospitalprofessionalstoeducatedrugusersandtoenhancetheirknowledgeofHIVinfection.Onehundredandsixtyonesubjects,whocamefrom13differentprovincesandwereadmittedinadrugreliefhospitalinBeijing,wererecruitedforthisstudy.Theaverageageofthesesubjectswas35.21±6.24yearold.Theaveragenumbersofyearsfordrugaddictionwere7years,andtheaveragenumbersofdrugrelieftreatmentreceivedinthepastwas5.5times.ThelevelofAIDSknowledgeofthesesubjects,includingpathogenicfactors,sourceofinfection,routeoftransmissionandpreventivemeasures,wereevaluatedbeforeandafterreceivingtheAIDSeducationaltrainingtothesedrugusers.Ourresultsshowedthattherewasastatisticallysignificantincrease(P＜0.01)intheknowledgeofHIVinfectionandpreventionamongthesesubjects.PositiveattitudeandbehavioraltendenciestowardHIVpreventionwerealsoimproved.Therefore,itisimperativeforthemedicalprofessionalstoincorporateAIDSeducationintodrugrelieftreatmenttoachievethemaximumeffectontheknowledgeofAIDSandimprovementofpositiveattitudesandbehaviorstowardHIVpreventionamongdrugusers.

简介：Drugdevelopmentinoncologyisundergoingasubstantialshiftnowadays.Thedriversforthisaremulti-factorial.Ontheoneside,drugdevelopmentisperformedmorerationallythanever,profitingfromthescientificadvancesinmolecularbiologyingeneralandtheelucidationofthevarious'omes'fromgenometometabolomeinparticular.Ontheotherside,itisbasedonenormoustechnologicalprogress,e.g.,inthefieldofgenome

简介：人被自然选择进化到目前在自然生物圈中的地位，因故人的生命是坚强的。于是，作为自然的主宰，人创造了许多是自然原本没有的“东西”，这些人为的“东西”既给纯朴的自然描绘上了华丽的色彩，同时也给自然带来了不少的灾难，源于这些灾难，人的生命随时随地都可能发生“差错”，这又折射出人生命的脆弱。为了保护自己，人便创造了医学，也发明了药物，以便能在这许许多多的“差错”之中拯救人的生命于危验。

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简介：Splenosisistheautotransplantationofsplenictissuethatusuallyfollowstraumaticruptureofthespleen.Splenicimplantsmaybeseededwithinorbeyondtheperitonealcavity.1Themostfrequentlocationsofsplenosisinthedescendingorderaretheserosalsurfaceofthesmallintestine,thegreateromentum,parietalperitoneum,surfaceofthelargeintestine,mesentery,undersurfaceofthediaphragmandthethorax.1,2However,intrahepaticsplenosisisveryrare.Werecentlyencounteredapatientinwhomresultsofultrasonography(US)andcomputedtomography(CT)revealedanintrahepaticmassthatconsistedofectopicsplenictissue.Toourknowledge,thisisthefifthreportofectopicsplenictissueintheliverintheEnglish-languageliterature.Wepresenttheimagingfindingsofthesplenicimplantsintheliveranddiscussthediagnosisanditspracticalsignificance.

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简介：本文阐释了大众消费主义在美国的兴起以及向全球,特别是中国传播的历史。论文第一部分考察了20世纪初期美国大众消费主义的特征以及随着消费主义开始重塑美国人的生活而引发的争论,认为美国消费主义的兴起实际上与美国人对丰裕社会中生产过剩问题的担心有关,同时也是不断扩大市场的需要。第二部分考察了美国大众消费品向海外的出口、美国形象的输出以及随之而来的关于美国化的争论。在第三部分,作者认为,美国的消费主义模式在输出过程中逐渐适应当地的社会与文化,到20世纪70和80年代,世界各地的消费主义实际上越来越多样化,人们不再像过去那样把消费主义的扩张等同于美国化,相反,消费主义被认为是一种支持,而不是消弱了国家和个人身份多样性的现象。实际上,正是这种多元地方消费主义的扩张在一定程度上促进了冷战的结束。作者在结论中指出,关于大众消费主义的争论在世界各地仍然在继续,但争论的焦点不再是对"美国化"或"文化帝国主义"的恐惧,而更关注环境的可持续性和财富的分配等问题。尽管大众消费主义可以在全球范围内通过适应不同地区的文化而产生强大的吸引力,但它所反映的仍然是20世纪初期美国人的观念,而这一观念越来越落后于时代,那就是:在一个资源丰裕的世界里,需要不断地刺激人们的欲望和需求。

简介：ThepresentpaperconcernsitselfwithageneralreviewandanalysisofBritishmassMedia.ThefirstpartstartswithanintroductiontothehistoryanddevelopmentofBritishmassmedia.ThesecondpartwillfocusontheanalysisofthetwomajorbranchesintherealmofBritishMassmedia-theBroadcastMediaandthePrintMedia.Thirdly,theBritishmedia’scoverageofBeijingOlympicsispresentedtohaveabetterknowledgeofthewellacceptedclassificationofUKmassmedia,especiallynewspapersandtelevisionaswellasitsinfluence.