简介：AbstractBackground:Recent studies using mass drug administration (MDA) of antibiotics to entire communities have focused global attention on the unique ethical challenges of MDA of antibiotics in research and public health interventions. However, there is no specific guidance for Research Ethics Committees (RECs) or Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to review such trials. We surveyed the literature to identify the unique ethical challenges and to strengthen the competencies of RECs or IRBs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in their ethical reviews of these trials.Methods:We employed a desk review. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, combining terms for "mass drug administration" with terms for "research ethics committees," "institutional review boards," and "ethics." We reviewed citations of search results to retrieve additional articles. Only articles published and indexed in the above databases up to 6 January 2022 in English were included. Abstracts (without full articles), books and articles that had exclusive veterinary and environmental focus were excluded. We synthesized the literature to identify particularly challenging ethical issues relevant to antibacterial MDA trials in LMICs.Results:The most challenging ethical issues can be categorised into four broad domains: determining the social value of MDA, assessing risks and benefits, engaging all stakeholders meaningfully, and study design-related ethical challenges. These four domains interact and impact each other. Together, they reveal the need for RECs/IRBs to review MDA studies through a broader lens than that of clinical trials per se. From our findings, we propose a framework to guide the RECs and IRBs in LMICs to perform the initial and continuing review of antibiotic MDA trials. We also recommend strengthening the competencies of LMIC RECs or IRBs through ongoing training and collaboration with RECs or IRBs from high-income countries.Conclusions:REC/IRB review of research using MDA of antibiotics plays a critical role in assuring the ethical conduct of MDA studies. Local RECs/IRBs should be empowered to review MDA studies comprehensively and competently in order to advance scientific knowledge about MDA and promote improved global health.

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简介：Thispaperinvestigatesinterculturalcommunicationethicsisavitalelementtopromoteinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.Firstly,itdefinestheconceptofinterculturalcommunicationethics;Secondly,itillustratestherelationbetweenethicsandthekeypointofinterculturalcommunicationcompetence;andfinallyaddresseshowinterculturalcommunicationethicscanimproveinterculturalcommunicationcompetence.

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简介：科学环境道德在人的识别起一个关键作用--环境相互作用。现代环境道德是现代人类的哲学的再想环境行为。环境道德理论的发展，以及它的申请事实上，决定环境道德的观点。持续开发在人环境的相互作用上暗示和谐并且内部--产生责任与在人口，资源，环境和发展之中的一种和谐关系上的强调，以便为未来代打资源和环境的一个持续、健康的基础。在被中国中央政府提起的中国的和谐社会构造应该被环境道德盖住。开的环境道德的涵义为自然，为单个人类的照顾，和对未来代的开发的尊重包括一个方面，它打算越过代把考虑给自然的值，个人和人类好处和福利。在地区性的开发的环境道德的角色由认知组成，批评，教育，灵感，调整，立法和支持的环境规定。在地区性的开发的主要问题是广泛的资源探索，快人口生长，荒谬的工业结构，不公平的福利分发和科技开发的双重的效果。瞄准地区性的持续开发的环境道德的明确的表达，不能仅仅加音人口，资源，环境和经济开发的关系，而且指南行为选择，推聚会和政治系统转变，加强法律系统，和加薪公众的环境了解。

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简介：‘Pursuingthegood’isanoldsubjectinbothsocialhistoryofancientGreeceandGreekphilosophystudies.ThereishardlyanythingnewwhenwetalkaboutvirtueormoralityinthetimeofPlatoandAristotle.IntheareaofGreekhistory,manybooksandarticlesonorrelevanttothat

简介：Respectforandprotectionofhumanrightsisanissueofcommonconcernnowadays.In2004,Chinaadded"Thestaterespectsandprotectshumanrights"toArticle33ofitsConstitutionintheformofamendment.IncorporationofhumanrightsintotheConstitutionnotonlyeliminatesallkindsofconcernsinnotions

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简介：WhyisitthattheLiukengvillagehasbeenpreservedsowellafterfiveorsixdynasties?Whyisitthatasmallvillageproducedsomanysuccessfulimperialexaminationcandidates,provinciallevelsuccessfulexaminationcandidates,officialsandbusinesspeople?Whyisitthatthisfamilyclancanuniteasonewithoutdeclineforthousandyears?

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简介：BasedontraditionalChinesephilosophy,westudythemoderneco-tourismandenvironmentalethicsanditsimplications.Firstly,theeco-tourismandenvironmentalethicsweredefined;Secondly,theChinesephilosophyofConfucianismandTaoismrelatedtotheconceptofeco-tourismandenvironmentalethicswerereviewed;Finally,weprovideimplicationstothepractitionersandexpertsofenvironmentinChina.

简介：CLCWeb:ComparativeLiteratureandCulture17.5(December2015)DeadlineforSubmission:31March2015Callforpapers:'FictionandEthicsintheTwenty-firstCentury.'Ed.ZhenzhaoNie(CentralChinaNormalUniversity)andBiwuShang(ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity).SpecialIssueCLCWeb:ComparativeLiteratureandCulture17.5(December2015):

简介：2013-3-18美国/印第安维尔斯我们多久没有看到玛利亚捧起冠军奖杯了?答案是9个月。但这次巴黎银行公开赛上,俄罗斯甜心没有放过机会,以6-2、6-2横扫沃兹尼亚奇,打破了长达数月的冠军荒,职业生涯首次捧得皇冠级赛事的桂冠,而这场胜利也让莎娃的排名重回世界第二。

简介：EthicsinChinesesexuallytransmittedinfectionresearcharefundamental.SomerecentHarvardgeneticsresearchinAnhuiProvinceshowshowextremelywealthyandpowerfulresearcherscanexploitpoorruralfarmersinChina.AfterseveralyearsofcontroversyandastatementfromtheHarvardpresidentsayingthatthegeneticsexperimentswere"badlywrong",therearestillquestionsaboutforgedinformedconsent(ChinaDaily2003,AHSRP2004).Sincethesegeneticsprojectswereinitiallydiscovered,theUSgovernmentestablishedanewofficetomonitorforeignresearch(Nelson2001).TheobviouslyflawedinternationalresearchcollaborationallowsagoodopportunitytoconsiderthecurrentstateofethicsandrightsinChineseSTIresearch,andestablishastandardforevaluationofresearchatCJSTI.ThisarticlewillexplainseveralcurrentpracticesinChineseSTIresearch,andthenintroduceseveralinternationallyrecognizedstandardsforthinkingaboutpatient'srightsindevelopingcountries.