简介:Background:Thephysiologicalandbiochemicaldemandsofintenseexerciseelicitbothmuscle-basedandsystemicresponses.Themainadaptationstoenduranceexerciseincludethecorrectionofelectrolyteimbalance,adecreaseinglycogenstorageandtheincreaseofoxidativestress,intestinalpermeability,muscledamage,andsystemicinflammatoryresponse.Adaptationstoexercisemightbeinfluencedbythegutmicrobiota,whichplaysanimportantroleintheproduction,storage,andexpenditureofenergyobtainedfromthedietaswellasininflammation,redoxreactions,andhydrationstatus.Methods:Asystematicandcomprehensivesearchofelectronicdatabases,includingMEDLINE,Scopus,ClinicalTrials.gov,ScienceDirect,SpringerLink,andEMBASEwasdone.Thesearchprocesswascompletedusingthekeywords:'endurance','exercise','immuneresponse','microbiota','nutrition',and'probiotics'.Results:Reviewedliteraturesupportsthehypothesisthatintestinalmicrobiotamightbeabletoprovideameasureable,effectivemarkerofanathlete'simmunefunctionandthatmicrobialcompositionanalysismightalsobesensitiveenoughtodetectexercise-inducedstressandmetabolicdisorders.Thereviewalsosupportsthehypothesisthatmodifyingthemicrobiotathroughtheuseofprobioticscouldbeanimportanttherapeutictooltoimproveathletes'overallgeneralhealth,performance,andenergyavailabilitywhilecontrollinginflammationandredoxlevels.Conclusion:Thepresentreviewprovidesacomprehensiveoverviewofhowgutmicrobiotamayhaveakeyroleincontrollingtheoxidativestressandinflammatoryresponsesaswellasimprovingmetabolismandenergyexpenditureduringintenseexercise.
简介:Tocontrolmovement,thebrainhastointegrateproprioceptiveinformationfromavarietyofmechanoreceptors.Theroleofproprioceptionindailyactivities,exercise,andsportshasbeenextensivelyinvestigated,usingdifferenttechniques,yettheproprioceptivemechanismsunderlyinghumanmovementcontrolarestillunclear.Inthecurrentworkwehavereviewedunderstandingofproprioceptionandthethreetestingmethods:thresholdtodetectionofpassivemotion,jointpositionreproduction,andactivemovementextentdiscrimination,allofwhichhavebeenusedforassessingproprioception.Theoriginofthemethods,thedifferenttestingapparatus,andtheproceduresandprotocolsusedineachapproacharecomparedanddiscussed.Recommendationsaremadeforchoosinganappropriatetechniquewhenassessingproprioceptivemechanismsindifferentcontexts.
简介:1.IntroductionEatingdisorders(ED)arethemostcommonpsychiatricdisordersafflictingyoungwomen~1andcontributetogreatdetrimentsinpsychological,social,andphysicalhealth.~(2,3)Unfortunately,EDtreatmentstendtobelonglasting,intensive,andexpensive.~4Additionally,individualswithEDseekingtreatmentusehealthcareservicesmorefrequentlythannon-EDindividu-
简介:Naturaladultagingisassociatedwithmanyfunctionalimpairmentsofthehumanneuromuscularsystem.Oneofthemoreobservablealterationsisthelossofcontractilemusclemass,termedsarcopenia.Thelossofmusclemassoccursprimarilyduetoaprogressivelossofviablemotorunits,andaccompanyingatrophyofremainingmusclefibers.Notonlydoesthelossofmusclemasscontributetoimpairedfunctioninoldage,butalterationsinfibertypeandmyosinheavychainisoformexpressionalsocontributetoweaker,slower,andlesspowerfulcontractingmuscles.Thisreviewwillfocusonmotorunitlossassociatedwithnaturaladultaging,age-relatedfatigability,andtheage-relateddifferencesinstrengthacrosscontractilemuscleactions.
简介:Exercise-inducedrhabdomyolysis(exRML),apathophysiologicalconditionofskeletalmusclecelldamagethatmaycauseacuterenalfailureandinsomecasesdeath.IncreasedCa2+levelincellsalongwithfunctionaldegradationofcellsignalingsystemandcellmatrixhavebeensuggestedasthemajorpathologicalmechanismsassociatedwithexRML.TheonsetofexRMLmaybeexhibitedinathletesaswellasingeneralpopulation.PreviousstudieshavereportedthatpossiblecausesofexRMLwereassociatedwithexcessiveeccentriccontractionsinhightemperature,abnormalelectrolytesbalance,andnutritionaldeficienciespossiblegeneticdefects.However,theunderlyingmechanismsofexRMLhavenotbeenclearlyestablishedamonghealthprofessionalsorsportsmedicinepersonnel.Therefore,wereviewedthepossiblemechanismsandcorrelatedpreventionofexRML,whileprovidingusefulandpracticalinformationfortheathleteandgeneralexercisingpopulation.
简介:Background:Althoughcurrentresearchsupportstheuseofactivevideogames(AVGs)inrehabilitation,theevidencehasyettobesystematicallyreviewedorsynthesized.Thecurrentprojectsystematicallyreviewedliterature,summarizedfindings,andevaluatedtheeffectivenessofAVGsasatherapeutictoolinimprovingphysical,psychological,andcognitiverehabilitativeoutcomesamongolderadultswithchronicdiseases.Methods:Sevendatabases(AcademicSearchComplete,Communication&MassMediaComplete,ERIC,PsycINFO,PubMed,SPORTDiscus,andMedline)weresearchedforstudiesthatevaluatedtheeffectivenessofAVG-basedrehabilitationamongolderpatients.Theinitialsearchyielded946articles;afterevaluatingagainstinclusioncriteriaandremovingduplicates,19studiesofAVG-basedrehabilitationremained.Results:Moststudieswerequasi-experimentalindesign,withphysicalfunctioningtheprimaryoutcomeinvestigatedwithregardtotheuseofAVGsinrehabilitation.Overall,9studiesfoundsignificantimprovementsforallstudyoutcomes,whereas9studiesweremixed,withsignificantimprovementsonseveralstudyoutcomesbutnoeffectsobservedonotheroutcomesafterAVG-basedtreatments.OnestudyfailedtofindanybenefitsofAVG-basedrehabilitation.Conclusion:FindingsindicateAVGshavepotentialinrehabilitationforolderpatients,withseveralrandomizedclinicaltrialsreportingpositiveeffectsonrehabilitativeoutcomes.However,existingevidenceisinsufficienttosupporttheadvantagesofAVGsoverstandardtherapy.Giventhelimitednumberofstudiesandconcernswithstudydesignquality,moreresearchiswarrantedtomakemoredefinitiveconclusionsregardingtheabilityofAVGstoimproverehabilitativeoutcomesinolderpatients.
简介:Inrecentyears,theassessmentofproprioceptivefunctionhasreceivedincreasedattentioninclinicalandmotorskillresearch.Thisisnotsurprisinggiventhegrowingbodyofscientificevidenceontheimportanceofproprioceptiveinformationforcontrollingnearlyallfacetsofhumanmovement;fromstandingtoperforminghighlyskilledmovementpatterns
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简介:Background:Physicalactivity(PA)hasbeenshowntobenefitcognitivefunctioninolderadults.However,thecognitivebenefitsofexercisingforolderChineseadultshavenotbeensystematicallydocumented.ThisstudywastoconductasystematicreviewonevidencethatPAisbeneficialforcognitivefunctioninginolderChineseadults.Methods:Majordatabases,includingPubMed,EMBASE,CochraneLibrary,WanFang,CNKI,andVIP,weresearchedforstudiespublishedinEnglishorChinesebetweenJanuary2000andDecember2015.Randomizedandnon-randomizedcontrolledtrials(RCTsandnon-RCTs),cohort,case-controlandcross-sectionalstudiesthatevaluatedPAandcognitivefunctionamongolderChineseadultswereincludedinthisreview.Results:Of53studiesincludedandreviewed,33wereobservational(22cross-sectional,7case-control,and4cohort)and20wereexperimental(15RCTs,5non-RCTs).Observationalstudiesshowedanassociationofreducedriskofcognitive-relateddiseases(i.e.,mildcognitiveimpairment,Alzheimer’sdisease,anddementia)throughPA,whereasexperimentalstudiesreportedexercise-inducedimprovementinmultipledomainsofcognitivefunction(i.e.,globalcognitivefunction,memory,executivefunction,attention,language,andprocessingrecourse).Conclusion:ThissystematicreviewprovidesinitialevidencethatPAmaybenefitcognitioninolderChineseadults.FurtherstudiesofindividualswithcognitiveimpairmentsandprospectiveandRCTstudieshavinghighscientificrigorareneededtocorroboratethefindingsreportedinthisreview.
简介:Withanincreaseinrural-to-urbanmigration,arapidlyagingpopulation,andtherisingriskofdevelopingnoncommunicablediseasesinChina,itisimportanttounderstandtheepidemiologyofphysicalactivity(PA)andhealthinthecontextofdiseasepreventionandpopulationhealth.Despiteitspublichealthimportance,thereisasignificantlackofknowledgeaboutPAinolderChineseadultsthatmayhamperprimarypreventioneffortsofhealthpromotioninanincreasinglyagingpopulation.Tofillthisgap,thisarticlepresentsanarrativereviewofPAintheolderChineseadultpopulationwithaspecialfocusonresidentialsettings(i.e.,urbanandrural).Usingexistingstudies,thereviewexaminesoverallPApatternsandtheircorrelatesanddiscussespublichealthimplicationsandfutureresearch.AlthoughtherearesomepreliminaryindicationsofurbanandruraldifferencesinPAintheagingpopulationinChina,continuedresearcheffortsareneededtofacilitateprimarypreventioneffortsaimedatreducingnoncommunicablediseasesandpromotinganactivelifestyleamongthelargestpopulationofolderpeopleintheworld.
简介:<正>Hamstringstrainsareoneofmostcommonsportsinjuries.Thepurposeofthisliteraturereviewistosummarizestudiesonhamstringstraininjuryrate,mechanism,andriskfactorsinthelastseveraldecadeswithafocusonthepreventionandrehabilitationofthisinjury.Hamstringinjurycommonlyoccursinsportingeventsinwhichhighspeedsprintingandkickingarefrequentlyperformed,suchasAustralianfootball.Englishrugby,Americanfootball,andsoccer.Basicsciencestudieshavedemonstratedthatamusclestraininjuryoccursduetoexcessivestrainineccentriccontractioninsteadofforce,andthatelongationspeedanddurationofactivationbeforeeccentriccontractionaffecttheseverityoftheinjury.Hamstringstraininjuryislikelytooccurduringthelateswingphaseandlatestancephaseofsprintrunning.Shortenedoptimummusclelength,lackofmuscleflexibility,strengthimbalance,insufficientwarm-up,fatigue,lowerbackinjury,poorlumbarposture,andincreasedmuscleneuraltensionhavebeenidentifiedasmodifiableriskfactorswhilemusclecompositions,age,race,andpreviousinjuriesarenon-modifiableriskfactors.Thetheoreticalbasisofsomeoftheseriskfactors,however,islacking,andtheresultsofclinicalstudiesontheseriskfactorsareinconsistent.Futurestudiesareneededtoestablishthecause-and-effectrelationshipsbetweenthoseproposedriskfactorsandtheinjury.
简介:Background:Physicalactivity(PA)duringpregnancyprovidesphysicalandpsychologicalbenefitsformotherandchild.U.S.guidelinesrecommend≥30minofmoderateexerciseforhealthypregnantwomenmostdaysoftheweek;however,mostwomendonotmeettheserecommendations.Theoryassistsinidentifyingsalientdeterminantsofhealthbehaviortoguidehealthpromotioninterventions;however,theapplicationoftheorytoexaminePAamongpregnantwomenhasnotbeenexaminedcohesivelyamongmultiplelevelsofinfluence(e.g.,intrapersonal,interpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,andorganizational/political).Subsequently,thissystematicreviewaimstoidentifyandevaluatetheuseofhealthbehaviortheoryinstudiesthatexaminePAduringpregnancy.Methods:ArticlespublishedbeforeJuly2014wereobtainedfromPubMedandWebofScience.Inclusioncriteriaappliedwere:(1)empiricallybased;(2)peer-reviewed;(3)measuredfactorsrelatedtoPA;(4)comprisedapregnantsample;and(5)appliedtheory.Fourteenstudieswereincluded.Eachstudy'sapplicationoftheoryandtheoreticalconstructswereevaluated.Results:VarioustheorieswereutilizedtoexplainandpredictPAduringpregnancy;yet,themajorityofthesestudiesonlyfocusedonintrapersonalleveldeterminants.Fivetheoreticalframeworkswereappliedacrossthestudies—allbutoneattheintrapersonallevel.Fewdeterminantsidentifiedwerefromtheinterpersonal,neighborhood/environmental,ororganizational/politicallevels.Conclusion:ThissystematicreviewsynthesizedtheliteratureontheoreticalconstructsrelatedtoPAduringpregnancy.Interpersonal,community,andsocietallevelsremainunderstudied.Futureresearchshouldemploytheory-drivenmulti-leveldeterminantsofPAtoreflecttheinteractingfactorsinfluencingPAduringthiscriticalperiodinthelifecourse.
简介:Background:TraditionalChinesesportsandphysicalactivities(PAs)havealonghistoryandarepracticedbymillionsofChinese.However,relativelyfewsystematicreviewsofthescientificevidencefortheirhealthbenefits,especiallyforolderChineseadults,havebeenundertaken.Evidenceacquisition:BetweenJanuaryandMarch2016,asystematicsearchwasconductedusingtheCNKIandPubMeddatabasestoidentifystudiespublishedbetween2000and2015.StudieswereselectedforreviewiftheyweredesignedspecificallytoevaluatethehealthbenefitsoftraditionalChinesesportsandPAsinadultsaged50yearsandolderintheMainlandofChina.Thestudiesincludedobservational,uncontrolled,andrandomizedandcontrolleddesigns.PaperspublishedwithoutanEnglishtitleorabstractwereexcluded.Evidencesynthesis:Theinitialsearchidentifiedatotalof229studies.Afterremovingduplicatesandstudiesthatdidnotmeettheinclusion/exclusioncriteria,95studieswereselectedforreview.Specialattentionwasgiventostudiesofthemostcommonlypracticedactivities:TaiJiQuan,Qigong,andYangkoexercises.Apositiveassociationbetweenthesetypesofexerciseandhealthbenefitswasnotedforhealthyolderadultsandthosewithchronicdiseases.Evidenceonothertypesofactivitieswaslessclearduetothelimitednumberofstudiesconducted.Conclusion:ThereispromisingevidencethattraditionalChinesesportsandPAsprovidemanyhealthbenefitsforolderChineseadults.Whileadditionalscientificallyrigorousresearchiswarranted,promotingthesetraditionalandculturally-basedsportsandPAsasformsofbehavioralmedicineinprimaryandsecondarypreventionofdiseasesamongtheagingChinesepopulationwillhelpfulfillanurgentpublichealthneed.
简介:Background:Preventinganteriorcruciateligament(ACL)injuriesisimportanttoavoidlong-termadversehealthconsequences.Identifyingbarrierstoimplementationofthesepreventionprogramsiscrucialtoreducingtheincidenceoftheseinjuries.OurpurposewastoidentifybarriersofimplementationforACLinjurypreventionprogramsandsuggestmechanismsforreducingthebarriersthroughapplicationofaSocioEcologicalModel(SEM).Methods:StudiesinvestigatingACLpreventionprogrameffectivenessweresearchedinMedlineviaPubMedandtheCochraneLibrary,andasubsequentreviewofthereferencesoftheidentifiedarticles,yielded15articlestotal.Inclusioncriteriaencompassedprospectivecontrolledtrials,publishedinEnglish,withACLinjuriesastheprimaryoutcome.Studieswereindependentlyappraisedby2reviewersformethodologicalqualityusingthePEDroscale.Barrierstoimplementationwereidentifiedwhenreportedinatleast2separatestudies.ASEMwasusedtosuggestwaystoreducetheidentifiedbarriers.Results:Fivebarrierswereidentified:motivation,timerequirements,skillrequirementsforprogramfacilitators,compliance,andcost.TheSEMsuggestedwaystominimizethebarriersatalllevelsofthemodelfromtheindividualthroughpolicylevels.Conclusion:IdentificationofbarrierstoprogramimplementationandsuggestinghowtoreducethemthroughtheSEMisacriticalfirststeptowardenablingACLpreventionprogramstobemoreeffectiveandultimatelyreducingtheincidenceoftheseinjuries.