简介：ObjectiveToinvestigatethesuitabilityofminiaturepigsasananimalmodelforotologicalresearch.MethodsMicrodissectionofthetemporalbonewasperformedon10miniaturepigsandrecordedonphoto-graphs.ResultsThemorphologyandmeasurementoftheexternal,middleandinnerearandthelateralre-cessoftheminiaturepigswereobtainedbymicrodissection.ConclusionComparedtotraditionalanimalmodels,theminiaturepigmaybeabettermodelforbiomedicalresearchbecauseofitsmanysimilaritiesinphysiologicalfunctionswithhumans.Similaritiesofthetemporalbonestructures,includingtheexternal,middleandinnerearandthelateralrecess,betweentheminiaturepigandhumanmaketheanimalapoten-tiallyusefulmodelforotologicalresearch.

简介：Apoptosis,orcontrolledcelldeath,isanormalpartofcellularlifespan.Celldeathofcochlearhaircellscausesdeafness;anapoptoticprocessthatisnotwellunderstood.Worldwide,1.3billionhumanssuffersomeformofhearingloss,while360millionsufferdebilitatinghearinglossasadirectresultoftheabsenceofthesecochlearhaircells(WorldwideHearing,2014).Muchisknownaboutapoptosisinothersystemsandinothercelltypesthankstostudiesdonesincethemid-20thcentury.Herewereviewcurrentliteratureonapoptosisingeneral,andcausesofdeafnessandcochlearhaircellslossasaresultofapoptosis.ThefamilyofB-celllymphoma(Bcl)proteinsareamongthemoststudiedandcharacterized.WewillreviewcurrentliteratureontheBcl2andBcl6proteininteractionsinrelationtoapoptosisandtheirpossiblerolesinvulnerabilityandsurvivalofcochlearhaircells.

简介：Objective:Todescribeseveralapproachesofearsurgeriesforexperimentalstudiesinrats.Methods:Anesthetizedratswerepreparedfordemonstrationofvariousearsurgeryapproachesdesignedtooptimizeexperimentaloutcomesinstudieswithspecificgoalsandexposurerequirements.Thesurgicalapproachesincludedtheposteriortympanum,superiortympanum,inferiortympanumandoccipitalapproaches.Results:Themiddleearcavityandinnerearweresuccessfullyexposedfromdifferentanglesviathementionedsurgicalapproaches.Forexample,electrodeplacementforrecordingofcochlearbioelectricresponseswaseasilyachievedthroughtheposteriortympanumorinferiortympanumapproach.Alternatively,drugdeliveryorgenetransfectionviaroundwindowmembranewasmosteasilyaccomplishedusingtheposteriortympanumapproach.Cochlearperfusionofprotectiveorototoxicdrugswasbestperformedusingtheinferiortympanumapproach.Ossicularchaininterruptiontoinduceaprolongedconductivehearinglosswasreadilyachievedusingasuperiortympanumapproach.Lastly,surgicaldestructionoftheendolymphaticsactoinduceexperimentalendolymphatichydropswasreadilyperformedviaanoccipitalsurgicalapproach.Conclusion:Thesestandardizedsurgicalapproachescanbeappliedinscientificstudiesoftheearwithdifferentpurposescoveringelectrophysiology,conductivehearingloss,intra-cochleardrugperfusionandexperimentalstudiesrelevanttoMeniere’sdisease.

简介：Technologicaladvancementsarecontinuouslychangingtheparadigmofhumanexistence.Humanbeingsareconstantlyengaginginvariousmeasurestoreducetheextentofsensoryandmotorimpairment.Thishasbeenintheformofvariousdevices,e.g.orthopedicprosthesis,visualaids(spectacles)andhearingaids.Countlessattemptsthroughoutthecenturieshavebeenmadeinanefforttoimprovesoundamplificationinpatients.Thisarticleseekstohighlightsthetechnologicaljourneyofonesuchimplant,themiddleearimplant,fromitsinceptiontothemoretechnologicaladvancedfuturisticproposals.Whiletherearemanyamplificationdevicesavailablepresently,therestillremainsagroupofpatientswhohavenotexperiencedadequateamplificationfortheirhearinglossandthissubsetmaygainthegreatestbenefitfrommiddleearimplants.

简介：ObjectivesToinvestigatepre-andpost-totalmiddleearreconstructionbacteriologicalchangesinordertofacilitatepreventionandtreatmentofsurgicalinfections.MethodsSpecimensfrom128earsin124patientswithproblematicmastoidcavitieswhounderwentrevisiontotalmiddleearreconstructionwerestudied.ResultsBacteriologicaltestswerepositivein87(68.0%)pre-operativespecimens,despitelocaltreatment,andin74(57.8%)specimenscollected10daysafteroperation.Commonorganismstrainsinpre-andpost-operativespecimenswereslightlydifferentandincluded:coagulase-staphylococcus,GRAM+rods,staphylococcusaureus,pseudomonasaeruginosaandfungi.Atthetimeofpatientdischarge(15-20dayspost-operative),only3ears(2.3%)weretestedpositivewhichrespondedwelltoandbecamedryafterlocaltreatment.Atoneyear,4ears(3.1%)showedrecurrentotorrheawhichagainrespondedtolocaltreatment.ConclusionForinfectionofproblematicmastoidcavitiesafteranopencavityprocedure,revisiontotalmiddleearreconstructioniseffectiveincontrollinginfectionandpromotingadryear.Infectionpreventionandtreatmentisimportantconsideringtherelativelyhighratesofperi-operativelocalinfections.

简介：Haircellsinthemammalianinnerearareveryfragileandareofteninjuredasaresultofacoustictraumaorexposuretoototoxicdrugs(cisplatin,aminoglycosides,etc)[1].Inamphibiansandbirds,spontaneous

简介：Congenitalcholesteatoma(CC)isararelyseenbenigntumorofthetemporalbone.Therearefivegeneralsitesofextraduraloccurrence:themiddleear,externalauditorymeatus,mastoid,squamousportionandthepetrousapexofthetemporalbone.CCgrowsslowlyandpresentsnosymptomsattheearlystage.Delayedandmis-diagnosisarecommonwiththiscondition~1.CasereportA10-year-oldboypresentedwitha3-monthhistoryofhearinglossonrightside.Therewasnohistoryofotorrhea,facialpalsy,previousotologicalproceduresortrauma.Otoscopyrevealedabulgingposterosuperiorquadrantintheotherwiseintactrighttympanicmembrane(Fig.1).Puretoneaudiometryshowedanaveragethresholdof51dBfor500,1000,2000and4000Hz,witha40dBair-bonegap,suggestingamoderateconductivehearingloss(Fig.4).CTscanofthetemporalboneshowedanisolatedsofttissuedensitylesioninthemiddleear(Fig.2).

简介：ObjectiveTostudylocalinflammatoryresponseafterimplantationofhydroxyapatitesyntheticossicularprosthesis.MethodsHydroxyapatitegranuleswereimplantedinthebullain32rats.Shamsurgicalprocedureswereperformedin10ratsasthecontrol.Animalsweresacrificedat1to300daysaftersurgery.Bullasections,stainedwithHEandMallory'sazan,wereexaminedfornumbersandpercentagesofvariousinflammatorycelltypes.ResultsSlightlymoreinflammatoryreactionwasseeninanimalswiththeimplantthaninthecontrols,mostlyduringtheearlystagefollowingtheimplantationprocedure.Fewinflammatorycellswereobservedatlatertimes.Thereweresatisfactoryfibrosisinbothimplantedandcontrolears.ConclusionTheresultsindicatethathydroxyapatitesyntheticprosthesisisabiocompatibleimplantationmaterialinthemiddleear.Nonetheless,thepresenceofinflammatoryreactionimmediatelyfollowingimplantationimpliesthatcontrolofinfectionisimportantintheearlytimesaftertheimplantationprocedure.

简介：ObjectivesTostudyclinical,imagingfeaturesandtreatmentoutcomesofcongenitalcholesteatomaofmiddleear(CCME).MethodsThisisaretrospectivereviewof10CCMEcasesselectedfrom952cholesteatomacasestreatedbetweenJanuary1995andDecember2005attheDepartmentofOtolaryngology-HeadandNeckSurgery,ChinesePLAGeneralHospital.Themainoutcomemeasureswerethesiteoforigin,clinicalfeatures,surgicalfindings,imagingcharacteristicsandhearingresults.ResultsThemeanageofthe10patientswas16years(rangedfrom10to24years),with6beingolderthan18years.Therewere7malesand3females.Theaveragedelaytodiagnosiswaslongerthan2years.ThemeanpreoperativePTAwas55dBHL,withameanABGof45dB.Typicalcholesteatomaswereseenbehindthetympanicmembraneinthesuperoposteriorquadrantonotoscopyonlyin2patients.HighresolutionCTwascompletedinallpatients.Mostofthepatients(8/10)werediagnosedwithotosclerosisorossicularabnormalitybeforeoperation.Allpatientsunderwentaone-stagetympanoplastyfollowingtransmeatalexplorativetympanotomyandcompletecholesteatomaremoval,exceptone,whounderwentaCWUmastoidectomyduetoextensivecholesteatomainvolvement.Thecholeasteatomalesionwasconfinedtothesuperoposteriormesotympanuminallpatients.ThemeanpostoperativePTAwas20dBHL.Allpatientswerefollowed-upforatleast1.5yearspostoperatively.Revisionprocedureswereperformedin2patientsforhearingdeterioration.Noresidualorrecurrenceofcholesteatomawasfound.ConclusionCCMEisararediseasethatoftengetsdelayeddiagnosis.Residuallesionsandtheprognosismainlydependontheextentofthelesion.

简介：ObjectiveToreportapopulation-basedsurveyontheprevalence,pathogenicfactorsandmedicalneedsofeardiseasesandhearingloss.MethodsUsingtheprobabilityproportiontosize(PPS)method,6626residentswereinvestigatedin30clustersinaccordancewiththeWHOprotocol.ResultsTheprevalenceofhearinglosswas17.1%(compatiblewiththenatioanalstandardizedrateof17.6%),includingmild(11.0%),moderate(4.2%),severe(1.4%),andprofound(0.5%)impairment.Ofthe1131individualswithhearingloss,663(20.2%)weremaleand468(14.0%)werefemale.Theprevalenceofhearingdisabilitywas6.1%(againcompatiblewiththenationalstandardizedrateof6.5%).Thecausesofhearinglosswereeardiseases(31.4%),non-infectiouseardisorders(42.5%),geneticdisorders(6.7%),infectiousdisease(0.4%)andundeterminedcauses(29.3%).Ofthehearingimpairedpeople,13.8%neededotologicand/oraudiologicinterventionsand9.1%neededhearingaids.ConclusionTheprevalenceofhearinglossandhearingdisabilityhaveincreasedinthepasttwentyyears.Thedataprovideimportantinformationforauthoritiesinformulatingpoliciesforpreventionandmanagementofdeafness.

简介：

简介：Hearinglossisaconditionaffectingmillionsofpeopleworldwide.Conductivehearingloss(CHL)ismainlycausedbymiddleeardiseases.ThelowfrequencyareaisthepivotalpartofspeechfrequenciesandmostfrequentlyimpairedinpatientswithCHL.AmongvarioustreatmentsofCHL,middleearsurgeryisefficienttoimprovehearing.However,variablesuccessratesandpossibleneedsforprolongedrevisionsurgerystillfrustratebothsurgeonsandpatients.Nowadays,increasingnumbersofresearchersexplorevariousmethodstomonitortheefficacyofossicularreconstructionintraoperatively,includingelectrocochleography(ECochG),auditorybrainstemresponse(ABR),auditorysteadystateresponse(ASSR),distortionproductotoacousticemissions(DPOAE),subjectivewhispertest,andopticalcoherencetomography(OCT).Here,weillustrateseveralmethodsusedclinicallybyreviewingtheliterature.

简介：ObjectiveToreportuseoftheVibrantSoundbridge(VSB)inpatientswithcongenitaldeformationofthemiddleandouterearsandinvestigateitsutilityinthispatientpopulation.MethodFourpatientswithcongenitaldeformationofmiddleandouterearsunderwentVSBimplantation.Allweremale(aged3-18years,average13.5years)andoperatedontheleftside.Malformationwasbilateralin3patientsandunilateralin1patient.Surgicaltechniquesweremodifiedtoaccommodateeachpatient’suniqueconditionsandneeds.Theimplantsitewasapproachedviathefacialrecessin3patientsandthrougharetro-facialnerveroutein1patient.TheVSBimplantwasconnectedtoeitherthestapes(2cases)ortheroundwindow(2cases).PuretoneandspeechaudiometryresultsanddailycommunicationcapabilitiesbeforeandafterVSBactivationwerecompared.ResultsTheoperationsweresuccessfulinallpatients,withnocomplications.ThepatientcommunicationlevelimprovedsignificantlyafterVSBactivation.Averageairconductionpuretonethresholdorconditionedreflexaudiometrythresholdimprovedby35dBinthe0.25-4kHzrange,from69dBHLbeforeVSBactivationto34dBHLafter.Thesentencerecognitionrateinquietat65dBSPLwentupto86%from0%withoutVSBforpatientswithbilateraldeformationandremainedat100%forthepatientwithunilateraldeformity.However,forthelatterpatient,therateimprovedto20%from0%withoutVSBinnoise(-8dBSNR).ConclusionVSBisanexcellentsolutionforimprovinghearinginpatientswithcongenitaldeformationofmiddleandouterears.Operationcanbecompletedandgoodresultscanbeachievedeveninpatientswithuniqueconditionsandneeds.

简介：Wereportacaseofcapillaryhemangiomsathatinvolvedtheentiremiddleearspace,externalauditorycanal(EAC)andtympanicantrum.Symptomsinthecaseincludedearfullness,hearingloss,otalgiaandotorrhea.Thecasewasmisdiagnosedasrecurrentchronicotitismediawithgranulationpreoperatively.Adiagnosisofcapillaryhemangiomawasestablishedbypostoperativehistologicalexamination.Themanagementofcapillaryhemangiomaofthemiddleearandexternalauditorycanalisdiscussed,withareviewoftheliterature.Becauseofitsvariableandsometimesmisleadingclinicalpresentation,hemangiomacaninitiallybemisdiagnosedasotherlesions.Therefore,ahighindexofsuspicionisnecessaryforearlyandaccuratediagnosis.

简介：Objective::Toexplorethevalueofacombinedcomputedtomography(CT)andmagneticresonanceimaging(MRI)inevaluatingprofoundsensorineuraldeafnesspatientsbeforecochlearimplant(CI)surgery.Methods:Aretrospectiveanalysisof1012casesofprofoundsensorineuraldeafnessthatreceivedCIwasperformed.Results:Atotalof96caseswerediagnosedwithinnerearabnormalitiesincludinglargevestibularaqueductsyndrome(LVAS,n?61),Micheldeformity(n?3),cochlearincompletepartitionI(n?2),cochlearincompletepartitionII(n?6),cochlearhypoplasiawithvestibularmalformation(n?3),cochlearossification(n?3),bilateralinternalauditorycanalobstruction(n?5)andinternalauditorycanalstenosis(n?2).Conclusion:HighresolutionCT(HRCT)candisplaybonystructureswhileMRIcanimagethemembranouslabyrinthinpreoperativeevaluationforcochlearimplantation.Thecombinationofthesetwomodalitiesprovidesreliableanatomicalinformationregardingthebonyandmembranouslabyrinths,aswellastheauditorynerve.

简介：Thereareseveralchallengestoinnereardrugdeliveryandimagingduetotheexistenceoftightbiologicalbarrierstothetargetstructureandthedensebonesurroundingit.Advancesinimagingandnanomedicinemayprovideknowledgeforovercomingtheexistinglimitationstoboththediagnosisandtreatmentofinnereardiseases.Noveltechniqueshaveimprovedtheefficacyofdrugdeliveryandtargetingtotheinnerear,aswellasthequalityandaccuracyofimagingthisstructure.Inthisreview,wewilldescribethepathwaysandbiologicalbarriersoftheinnerearregardingdrugdelivery,thebeneficialapplicationsandlimitationsoftheimagingtechniquesavailableforinnerearresearch,thebehaviorofengineerednanomaterialsininnerearapplications,andfutureperspectivesfornanomedicine-basedinnerearimaging.

简介：Objective:ToevaluateHighResolutionComputerTomography(HRCT)inthediagnosisofexternalearcanalcholesteatoma.Methods:Inthisretrospectivestudy,HRCTsof27patientswithexternalearcanalcholesteatomawerereviewed.Thechangesintheexternalearcanal,tympanicmembrane(TM),scutum,tympanumandmastoidweremeasuredandcategorized.Results:Fourteenpatientsshowednoormilddestructionintheexternalearcanal(stageIgroup).Eightpatientshadobviousenlargementintheexternalearcanal(stageIIgroup)butshowedlimiteddestructionsofthemastoidboneandnodamageofthetympanums.Fivepatientshadseriousdestructionofthemastoidboneanddamageofthetympanum(stageIIIgroup).AllpatientsinthestageIIIgroupshowedacompressionofmanubriumsandTMs,with3havingdamagesonossicularchain.BonedestructionoftheverticalsectionoffacialnervecanalwasdiscoveredinonecaseinthestageIIIgroup.Conclusion:HRCTcanprovidedetailinformationabouttheextentofexternalearcanalcholesteatoma.Suchinformationcanbeusedtoidentifyspecialsituationswithseriouscomplicationsandtodifferentiateexternalearcanalcholesteatomafrommiddleearcholesteatoma.

简介：Objective:Toidentifypresenceofinflammasomeactivatedinmousecochleawithsensorineuralhearingloss(SNHL)causedbycytomegalovirus(CMV)infection.Method:MCMVwasinjectedintotherightcerebralhemisphereinneonatalBALB/cmiceat2000pfuvirustiters.Auditorybrainstemresponses(ABRs)weretestedtoevaluatehearingat21days.HistopathologicalstudieswereconductedtoconfirmlocalizationsofMCMVinfectedcellsintheinnerear.Expressionofinflammasomerelatedfactorswasassessedbyimmunofluorescence,Quantitativereal-timePCRandWesternblotting.Results:InthemousemodelofCMVinducedSNHL,inflammasomerelatedkinaseCaspase-1anddownstreaminflammatoryfactorIL-1bandIL-18werefoundincreasedandactivatedafterCMVinfectioninthecochlea.Thesefactorscouldfurtherup-regulateexpressionofIL-6andTNFa.Theseinflammatoryfactorsareneurotoxicityandmaycontributetohearingimpairment.Furthermore,wealsodetectedsignificantlyincreasedAIM2proteinthataccumulatedintheSGNofcochleaewithCMVinfection.Significance:Wehaveshownthatinflammasomeasanovelinherentimmunitymechanismmaycontributetohearingimpairment.Conclusion:OurdataindicatethatimflammasomeassembleinmouseinnerearinresponsetoCMVinfection.WehaverevealedanovelpathologyeventinCMVinducedSNHLinvolvingactivationofinflammasomeinmousecochlea.Additionally,wehaveshownthatinflammasomemaybeanoveltargetforpreventionandtreatmentofCMVrelatedSNHL.

简介：

简介：