简介:在非调性集合论中,关于包含关系的论述可谓汗牛充栋;然而,涉及集合关系(即相同基数的集合)方法的,却廖廖无几。在这一领域的研究成果中,最突出的是A·福特具有开拓性的论著,他根据各种包含关系,推出一系列相似关系一览表。虽然它们对于相似关系的认识有其重要的价值,但其中一些方面确实存在着问题。事实上,正是这类使用A·福特R—关系所导致的不恰当的结果,构成了撰写本文的动机。文章中笔者将用精确的和音乐意义上的术语,来对这些问题加以描述。以下的讨论将分为四个部份。首先,我们将考察福特的相似关系,并指出其问题所在;其次,笔者拟对自己所提出的相似功能进行定义,并将其分析结果同福特的分析结果相比较;然后,我们将把这种比较扩展至对前后关系的具体分析;最后,笔者将指出
简介:摘要目的总结、评价国内外预防血培养标本污染的最佳证据。方法系统检索国内外数据库内关于预防静脉血液标本污染的证据,包括指南(BPG)、最佳实践信息册(BPIS)、证据总结(ES)、推荐实践(RP)及系统评价(SR)。检索时限为从建库至2019年3月27日。由2名研究者对文献质量进行评价和资料提取,对符合质量标准的文献进行证据提取。结果共纳入13篇文献,其中循证指南1篇,以专家共识为基础的指南4篇,证据总结1篇,最佳实践推荐1篇,系统评价6篇。最佳证据包括采血人员、采血时间、皮肤消毒、采血途径、采血部位、标本注入、无菌手套、标本转运等。结论护理部应与检验科合作,加强对于护理人员静脉血培养标本采集相关知识的教育,在进行血培养标本采集时,要注意采血时间,采血过程中要使用无菌手套,正确进行皮肤消毒,选择合适的采血途径、部位,采血完成后要及时转运血标本,以确保检测结果的准确性。
简介:摘要:随着课程标准的不断改革、教材内容的不断更新以及教育实践的不断发展 ,中学数学教材增添了许多高等数学的内容 ,与此同时致使中学数学教师认识到 ,高等数学于中学数学的密切联系。本文在前人研究的基础上,结合自己的学习和教学实践,阐明了从高等数学的视角研究中学数学中集合内容的必要性。并论述了集合思想在中学的渗透 ,为中学教师的教学提供一些建议。
简介:AbstractObjective:The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a set of psychometrically equivalent disyllabic wordlist (SC-10) in Singapore Mandarin for clinical use.Study design:A preliminary set of 1000 words were obtained from a dictionary of frequently used words by Singapore students. Ten native judges rate the familiarity level of each word. This is followed by a face-to-face public survey to rank the shortlisted word set from most to least familiar. The final 108 disyllabic words were recorded by a native female talker. 20 normal hearing subjects were used to obtain the percentage of correct word recognition at 24 intensity levels (-10 dB HL to 26 dB HL in 2 dB increment). Psychometric function slopes were calculated for each word. 100 words were eventually chosen and assigned into ten 10-word lists based on a psychometric balancing protocol. Minor digital adjustments were made to the intensity of each wordlist to improve their auditory homogeneity.The developed SC-10 wordlists were validated by a separate group of 25 normal hearing subjects. Test-retest reliability was carried out on 20 out of 25 participants at the selected intensity levels (SRT-5, SRT, SRT+5).Results:The calculated regression slopes in the psychometric functions for the ten lists are between 8.0 and 9.8%/dB. Single factor ANOVA analysis showed no significant difference in both the mean intensity required to obtain 50% recognition score (f = 0.109, df = 9, p = 0.999) and the slopes of the psychometric functions (f = 0.078, df = 9, p = 0.999) between the ten word lists. List validation on 25 normal hearing participants (PTA = 11.0 dB HL, SD = 4.3) showed a mean speech recognition threshold (SRT) of 9.3 dB HL (SD = 3.5)and regression slope of 8.395%/dB. Quadratic regression analysis showed a positive correlation (r2 = 0.923) between presentation level and word recognition score (WRS). The difference between PTA and SRT of each subject all fall within the clinically acceptable difference of 10 dB HL. Test-retest reliability, carried out on 20 subjects at three levels (SRT-5, SRT, and SRT+5 dB), showed no significance difference between word recognition score when the same participant is tested again at the same intensity level using a different wordlist.Conclusion:All in all, it shows that the SC-10 speech materials are valid for clinical use for Mandarin speech audiometry in Singapore.
简介:<正>I.PoliticalPartiesandGovernmentSectorBieTaoDeputyDirector-General,DepartmentofPoliciesandLaws,MinistryofEnvironmentalProtectionDongJinyiVice-PresidentandSecretary-general,AssociationofFormerDiplomatsofChina,formerChineseAmbassadortoItaly,RepublicofSanMarinoandSwitzerlandFanYufeiDeputyDirector,ForeignAffairsOfficeofShanghaiMunicipalPeople’sGovernmentGuJianxinDeputyDirector,ForeignAffairsOfficeofZhejiangProvincialPeople’sGovernment
简介:目的初步分析肾集合管癌预后不良的原因,探讨改善集合管癌预后的方法。方法回顾性分析2003年6月至2007年10月648例肾癌中7例集合管癌患者(1.08%)的临床、病理及随访资料,通过患者症状、TNM分期、综合治疗策略三个方面初步分析集合管癌预后不良的原因。结果7例集合管癌患者,男性4名,女性3名,平均年龄58.3岁。因腰痛、血尿、腹部肿块就诊者5例,无症状肾癌2例。AJCC临床分期Ⅱ期2例,IV期5例。肿瘤平均体积8.2cm×6.6cm×5.8cm,血管内癌栓形成5例,肾内转移形成卫星灶3例,肾门淋巴结转移4例,远处转移1例。5例行根治性肾切除术,2例行姑息性肾切除术,1例加行胰十二指肠切除术。7例术后均行免疫治疗,1例行辅助化疗。平均随访13.9个月,5例死亡患者平均生存时间11.8个月。结论典型症状的出现提示预后不良,早期淋巴转移,根治性切除术对大部分患者难以达到根治效果,术后辅助治疗效果不明确是集合管癌预后不良的重要原因。依靠健康查体筛查可疑病例,早期发现,早期手术治疗是改善肾集合管癌预后的关键所在。
简介:摘要:工会组织要以职工创新工作室市场化运作为着力点,不断探索新的创新路径,引导激励职工勇于创新,挖掘职工的聪明才智,激发职工的创新热情和创造活力,推动企业转型发展。